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Law Students Challenge ₹50,000 CLAT Counselling Fee: Delhi & Kerala HCs Step In
Civil

Law Students Challenge ₹50,000 CLAT Counselling Fee: Delhi & Kerala HCs Step In

Introduction: The CLAT Counselling Fee Controversy

Every year, thousands of aspirants from across India prepare for the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), the gateway to the prestigious National Law Universities (NLUs). But in 2024–25, a storm has erupted over the high cost of the counselling process—especially the ₹50,000 fee charged to secure admission after clearing CLAT. This steep fee, seen by many as unjust and exclusionary, has led to nationwide student protests, online petitions, and even court challenges.

Now, the Delhi High Court and Kerala High Court have stepped in, accepting petitions filed by CLAT 2025 aspirants challenging the legality and fairness of this fee structure. What started as a student-led movement has now grown into a national conversation about access to legal education, economic justice, and the constitutional right to equality.

What Is CLAT and Why the Fee Matters?

The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) is a centralized entrance test for admissions to undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) law programs in 22 National Law Universities (NLUs) across India.

Here’s how the fee structure works:

  • Application Fee: ₹4,000 for general category candidates, ₹3,500 for SC/ST candidates.

  • Counselling Fee: ₹30,000 (General); ₹20,000 (Reserved Category).

  • Confirmation Fee: ₹20,000 (General); ₹20,000 (Reserved Category).

This means a student from the general category ends up paying a total of ₹54,000 (application + counselling + confirmation). For many students—especially from marginalised and economically weaker backgrounds—this is a huge burden even before admission is confirmed.

Student-Led Resistance: Who Raised the Voice?

The resistance against the counselling fee started at the grassroots level—by the students, for the students. A petition was circulated online, demanding that the Consortium of NLUs revise the fee structure and make it inclusive.

Prominent student bodies that backed this movement include:

  • Savitribai Intersectional Study Circle at NALSAR

  • NALSAR Student Bar Council

  • NLSIU’s Savitri Phule Ambedkar Caravan (SPAC)

  • DNLU Jabalpur Student Council

  • DSNLU Student Bar Association

  • NLIU Bhopal SPAC

Their collective voice forms a powerful message: Legal education should not be a privilege reserved for the wealthy.

What Are the Students Demanding?

The student petition highlights several concerns:

1. Financial Exclusion

Students from low-income families often don't have access to loans before admission is confirmed. The current system requires a large upfront payment, which is impractical for many.

2. Structural Barriers

Instead of simplifying the process, the two-tiered counselling and confirmation fee structure (₹30,000 + ₹20,000) introduced in 2023 has made it more complicated and expensive.

3. Lack of Refund Policy

If a student decides to withdraw from the counselling process, no refund is given. This is seen as exploitative, especially when some students are forced to opt out due to financial constraints.

4. Merger and Reduction of Fees

Students propose a single, reduced one-time payment, with a full refund policy for those who opt out before final allocation.

Legal Action Begins: Cases in Delhi and Kerala High Courts

The student movement took a legal turn when three CLAT 2025 aspirants, with support from the Legal Collective for Students’ Rights (LCSR), filed a petition in the Kerala High Court. A similar plea was also filed in the Delhi High Court by another candidate.

Kerala High Court Case

  • Date of Hearing: July 31, 2025

  • Petitioners: Three law aspirants supported by LCSR

  • Core Argument: The ₹50,000 fee is unconstitutional, creates economic discrimination, and violates Article 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Education with Dignity).

Delhi High Court Case

  • Date of Hearing: September 9, 2025

  • Petitioner: Individual aspirant

  • Core Argument: The counselling process should have a clear refund mechanism and be aligned with the NEP’s goal of inclusive education.

Both High Courts have agreed to examine the matter, raising hopes among thousands of aspirants.

What Does the National Education Policy (NEP) Say?

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 stresses the importance of equity and inclusion in education, particularly for:

  • Economically weaker sections

  • SC/ST/OBC communities

  • First-generation learners

According to NEP:

“No student should be denied access to higher education due to financial constraints.”

Student groups argue that the current CLAT fee structure violates this principle, acting as a financial filter rather than an academic one.

Analysing the Consortium of NLUs’ Perspective

The Consortium of NLUs, responsible for conducting CLAT, has so far justified the ₹50,000 fee as follows:

  • Administrative costs: Running the centralised counselling portal, maintaining databases, and handling allotments.

  • Ensuring seriousness: A higher fee allegedly prevents casual applications or seat blocking.

  • Transparency: The fee system is pre-disclosed in official notifications.

However, critics argue that:

  • The same goals can be achieved with lower fees.

  • Technology costs have reduced, making administration cheaper.

  • Fee amounts should not be used as a deterrent against misuse.

Ground Reality: What Happens to Students Who Can’t Pay?

Let’s consider the case of Anjali (name changed), a CLAT aspirant from Bihar whose father is a daily wage worker. She scored well in CLAT 2025 but could not pay the ₹50,000 counselling fee in time. Despite qualifying, she lost the opportunity to get into a National Law University.

This is not an isolated case. Several similar stories are emerging from rural India, Dalit households, and first-gen learners.

The problem isn't lack of merit—it’s lack of means.

Public Outcry: Social Media, Petitions, and Solidarity

The online petition against the CLAT fee gathered thousands of signatures within days. On social media, hashtags like:

  • #CLATFeeWaiver

  • #MakeLawInclusive

  • #RefundCLATFee
    have trended across platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and LinkedIn.

Lawyers, professors, alumni of NLUs, and even practicing judges have expressed concern over the exclusionary nature of the fee system.

Broader Implications: Is It Just About CLAT?

No. This issue raises broader questions:

  • Should professional education come at such high upfront costs?

  • Are public-funded universities accessible only to the middle and upper class?

  • Is the current system violating constitutional rights?

The CLAT fee debate could set a precedent for other entrance tests, including medical and engineering admissions, especially in publicly funded institutions.

What Can Be Done? Suggested Solutions

Merge Counselling and Confirmation Fees

A single consolidated fee of ₹20,000–₹25,000 would be more reasonable.

Introduce Installment Plans

Allow students to pay the amount in 2–3 parts, reducing the burden on families.

Make Fees Refundable

If a student opts out before the final round of seat allocation, they should get a refund (after deducting minimal administrative charges).

Set Up a Financial Assistance Cell

Just like IITs and IIMs have financial aid offices, NLUs should set up a pre-admission assistance mechanism.

Full Transparency

Counselling rules, refund policies, and seat allocation details should be made public and easy to understand.

What Legal Experts Are Saying

Renowned legal experts and educationists have weighed in on the matter:

  • Justice (Retd.) A.P. Shah: “Such high fees in a public entrance process create structural inequality and are legally questionable.”

  • Prof. Faizan Mustafa (Former VC, NALSAR): “If the CLAT Consortium is non-profit and public in nature, it must align its actions with social justice goals.”

  • Advocate Karuna Nundy: “Charging ₹50,000 from aspirants—many of whom are yet to get into college—without a refund policy is unjust enrichment.”

The Road Ahead: What Happens Next?

With hearings scheduled in two High Courts, the following outcomes are possible:

  1. Judicial Intervention: Courts may direct the Consortium to reduce or refund the counselling fee, or ask for a review of the process.

  2. Policy Reform: The Ministry of Education or UGC may step in, issuing guidelines for reasonable counselling fees in centralised entrance tests.

  3. Voluntary Reform by NLUs: Under public pressure, the Consortium may announce changes on its own to avoid negative publicity and court rulings.

  4. National Debate: This case could trigger larger legal and policy reforms across entrance tests in India.

Final Thoughts: A Fight for Access, Not Concession

This isn't just a fee protest. It’s a larger demand for justice in education.

The legal profession in India needs diversity—not just in terms of gender or caste—but also in economic representation. If financial hurdles prevent bright, hardworking students from entering law schools, we weaken the very foundation of justice.

The courts stepping in gives hope. But the real change will come only when institutions recognise that access is a right, not a luxury.

Conclusion

The challenge against the ₹50,000 CLAT counselling fee is more than a legal battle—it’s a movement to make legal education inclusive, affordable, and fair. With the judiciary now stepping in, the spotlight is on the Consortium of NLUsto align its fee structure with the values of equity and access enshrined in the Constitution and the NEP.

Whether you're a law aspirant, educator, or policymaker, this case is a reminder: the true test of justice starts not in courts—but at the doors of opportunity.
Legal Checklist for Buying Property in Delhi NCR in 2025 – Your Complete Guide
Property

Legal Checklist for Buying Property in Delhi NCR in 2025 – Your Complete Guide

Introduction: Why a Legal Checklist is Vital in Delhi NCR

Buying a property in Delhi NCR is one of the most significant investments for most people. Whether it’s a flat in Noida, a villa in Gurugram, or a plot in Ghaziabad, navigating the legal process can feel daunting.

A missed document, an unverified title, or an overlooked clause in an agreement can lead to financial loss, delays, or even litigation. Delhi NCR has seen a surge in property fraud cases in recent years, especially in under-construction projects and unauthorized colonies.

This comprehensive legal checklist is designed to help you avoid such risks and make a secure property purchase. From title verification to RERA compliance and mutation, every step is covered to safeguard your investment.

Why Legal Due Diligence Is Critical in 2025

Rise in Property Disputes in Delhi NCR

According to NCRB and RERA data, real estate disputes in Delhi NCR increased by nearly 20% between 2023–2024. Issues like unapproved layouts, builder defaults, and forged documents are common in the region.

Key Risks for Buyers Today

  • Registry Fraud: The same property sold to multiple buyers.

  • Power of Attorney (POA) Misuse: Fake POAs in NRI property sales.

  • Builder Insolvency: Projects delayed despite RERA registration.

  • Unapproved Colonies: Properties built on miszoned or illegal land.

A systematic legal checklist is your best defense.

Step-by-Step Legal Checklist for Buying Property in Delhi NCR

Step 1: Verify Ownership and Title Chain

  1. Mother Deed Verification: Obtain the original title document and verify the ownership history for at least 30 years.

  2. Cross-Check with Authorities: Use portals like DDA, GNIDA, DTCP, or MCG for land records.

  3. Check for Heir NOCs: If the property is inherited, confirm legal heir consent.

  4. GPA/POA Validity: Especially in NRI cases, ensure the Power of Attorney is notarized, apostilled, and registered.

Step 2: Obtain the Encumbrance Certificate (EC)

  1. Shows any existing loans, mortgages, or legal disputes on the property.

  2. Get EC from the local Sub-Registrar’s office for at least 30-40 years of history.

  3. Required for both resale and builder-sold properties.

Step 3: Check RERA Registration

  1. Verify the project’s RERA number at Delhi RERA or UP RERA portals.

  2. Ensure approvals like:

    1. Saleable area

    2. Project timeline

    3. Builder disclosures

  3. RERA protection: Enables compensation for delay and penalty enforcement.

Step 4: Validate Zoning and Land Use Permissions

  1. Master Plan Delhi 2041: Check if land use matches your intended purpose.

  2. For Noida/Ghaziabad, check with DTCP or GNIDA records.

  3. Avoid properties in unauthorized colonies or agricultural zones.

Step 5: Confirm Building Plan Approvals and Occupancy

  1. Verify:

    1. Building Plan Approval

    2. Intimation of Disapproval (IOD)

    3. Commencement Certificate (CC)

    4. Occupancy Certificate (OC)

  2. Ensure actual construction matches approved plans.

Step 6: Check for Tax and Utility Dues

  1. Obtain:

    1. Property tax receipts (past 3–5 years)

    2. Water/electricity bills

    3. NOCs from housing societies or authorities.

  2. Verify no pending dues exist.

Step 7: Review the Agreement to Sell & Sale Deed

  1. Critical Clauses to Check:

    1. Payment terms

    2. Delivery timelines

    3. Refund and penalty clauses

    4. Builder’s indemnity

  2. Get the draft vetted by a property lawyer to avoid loopholes.

Step 8: Registration at Sub-Registrar Office

  1. Delhi Stamp Duty Rates (2025):

    1. Men: 6%, Women: 4%, Joint ownership: 5%.

    2. Registration Fee: ~1% of property value.

  2. Use online portals like DORIS (Delhi) or UP e-Registry Portal to book appointments.

  3. Sign before two witnesses and collect the registered deed.

Legal Risks Unique to Delhi NCR Buyers

1. Registry Fraud

Fraudsters may sell the same property multiple times using fake documents.
Solution: Conduct a registry search, verify title, and match seller details with municipal records.

2. GPA Misuse in NRI Transactions

Fake or expired POAs are a common problem in NRI property sales.
Solution: Ensure POAs are properly notarized, apostilled, and registered.

3. Builder Defaults Despite RERA

Even RERA-registered projects face delays or abandonment.
Solution: File a complaint under RERA, approach consumer forums, or initiate NCLT proceedings.

4. Unapproved Colonies

Properties built in unauthorized colonies are at risk of demolition or denial of registration.
Solution: Check zoning compliance and land use approvals.

Special Checklist for NRI Buyers in Delhi NCR

  1. Power of Attorney (POA): Notarized, apostilled, and registered in India.

  2. FEMA Compliance: For fund transfers and RBI norms.

  3. Repatriation and TDS: Ensure proper documentation for future resale.

  4. Hire a lawyer specializing in NRI property transactions.

Resale vs. Under-Construction: Legal Differences

 

Feature Resale Property Under-Construction
Key Documents Title Deed, EC, Possession Cert. RERA Certificate, IOD, CC, OC
Main Risk Hidden dues, litigation Builder delays, financial risks
Legal Strategy Title audit, encumbrance checks RERA compliance, escrow review

 

Role of a Property Lawyer in Delhi NCR

Conducting Due Diligence

A property lawyer verifies ownership, EC, zoning, and RERA compliance to uncover hidden issues.

Drafting and Reviewing Agreements

Ensures your Agreement to Sell and Sale Deed have protective clauses.

Managing Stamp Duty and Registration

Calculates charges and oversees registration without errors.

Assisting with Mutation

Helps update land records in municipal offices (DDA, GNIDA, DTCP).

Handling Disputes

Represents you in RERA, consumer forums, or courts in case of builder defaults or fraud.

Impact of Draft Registration Bill 2025

The new bill proposes:

  1. Digital property registration across India.

  2. Mandatory registration of agreements, GPA, mortgages.

  3. Aadhaar/PAN-based e-verification.

This will improve transparency but also require stricter compliance from buyers.

Conclusion: Safeguard Your Investment

Buying property in Delhi NCR in 2025 can be a rewarding experience if done carefully. From verifying titles and tax dues to ensuring RERA compliance and proper registration, every step counts.

Engage a trusted property lawyer to guide you through the legal maze and secure your investment.
Delhi Reverses Fuel Ban: How to Reclaim Vehicles Seized or Sold Under the E‑OL Rule
Traffic Challan

Delhi Reverses Fuel Ban: How to Reclaim Vehicles Seized or Sold Under the E‑OL Rule

In a major relief for vehicle owners in the Delhi-NCR region, the Delhi government has announced a partial rollback of its strict fuel ban on older vehicles. The ban, originally imposed under the End of Life (E-OL) Vehicle Rule, had created widespread concern as thousands of diesel vehicles over 10 years and petrol vehicles over 15 years were either seized, scrapped, or forcefully sold.

This recent decision offers a lifeline to those whose vehicles were confiscated or who had to sell them under regulatory pressure. However, reclaiming such vehicles is not automatic—it involves a step-by-step process with specific eligibility conditions.

Also Read: Debunking Driving License Myths: Your Guide to a Hassle-Free Application

Why Was There a Fuel Ban on Older Vehicles in Delhi?

Delhi has long struggled with air pollution, often ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. In 2015, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) introduced a rule banning:

  1. Diesel vehicles older than 10 years

  2. Petrol vehicles older than 15 years

from operating in Delhi-NCR. The ban aimed to reduce vehicular emissions, which were seen as major contributors to PM2.5 and PM10 levels.

In 2025, the Delhi Transport Department went a step further by cutting off fuel supply to such vehicles, essentially making it impossible for owners to refuel and use them.

This drastic measure, however, triggered:

  1. Massive inconvenience to daily commuters.

  2. Economic loss for vehicle owners who were forced to sell or scrap functional cars.

  3. Legal challenges questioning the fairness of the enforcement.

Also Read: How to Get an NOC and Transfer Your Vehicle Across Indian States: A Step-by-Step Guide (2025)

Also Read: FTA HSRP: Complete Guide to Online Registration, Process, Fees, and Status

What Led to the Partial Reversal in 2025?

Public backlash and logistical concerns forced the government to rethink its approach. Many citizens argued:

  1. Their vehicles were well-maintained and passed emission tests despite being older.

  2. A sudden fuel cut-off deprived them of time to make alternate arrangements.

  3. Vehicles seized under the rule were auctioned off hastily or left languishing in government yards, leading to further depreciation.

Considering these issues, the Delhi Transport Department amended the policy, allowing certain categories of vehicles to be reclaimed or re-registered after satisfying updated fitness and pollution norms.

This rollback provides a second chance for owners who either:

  1. Had their vehicles seized and stored.

  2. Sold their vehicles under duress but now wish to reclaim them.

Also Read: RC Transfers: Essential Insights You Might Be Missing

How to Check if Your Vehicle Can Be Reclaimed

Before you begin, it’s important to check the current status of your vehicle.

Step: Verify Registration Status Online

Visit the Delhi Transport Department’s portal or use the VAHAN website:

  1. Go to https://vahan.nic.in.

  2. Enter your vehicle registration number.

  3. Check whether your vehicle is listed as:

    1. Seized and stored in a government yard

    2. Scrapped/deregistered

    3. Auctioned or sold

Step: Locate Your Vehicle

If the vehicle is still in a government storage yard, you may apply for its release.
If it has been sold or auctioned, you will need to trace the new owner via:

  1. VAHAN database records.

  2. Delhi Transport Department’s assistance.

Also Read: How To Check Delhi E-Challan Status & Make Payment Online

Step-by-Step Guide to Reclaiming Your Seized Vehicle

If your vehicle is still stored in a government yard, follow these steps carefully:

Step 1: Apply for Vehicle Release

Submit an application at your Regional Transport Office (RTO) or online through the Delhi Transport portal. Attach:

  1. Proof of ownership (RC copy).

  2. ID proof (Aadhaar, PAN).

  3. Seizure notice (if available).

Step 2: Pay Pending Charges

You will likely need to pay:

  1. Parking and yard fees (calculated based on storage duration).

  2. Administrative charges for processing the release.

Step 3: Fitness and Pollution Tests

Your vehicle must pass:

  1. A fitness test at an authorized testing center.

  2. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification.

If it fails, the authorities may deny re-registration.

Step 4: Re-registration

If approved, re-register your vehicle under updated norms and get a new Registration Certificate (RC).

Also Read: Easy Traffic Challan Payment Guide - Legalkart

What If You Sold Your Vehicle Under Pressure?

Many owners sold their vehicles to buyers outside Delhi to comply with the ban. If you wish to reclaim such a vehicle:

Step 1: Trace the Current Owner

  1. Contact the buyer directly (if details are available).

  2. Approach the Transport Department for assistance in locating the vehicle.

Step 2: Negotiate Repurchase

If the current owner agrees, draw up a legal sale agreement for repurchase.

Step 3: Check Eligibility for Re-registration in Delhi

Ensure your reclaimed vehicle qualifies under the updated rules:

  1. Compliance with BS-VI emission norms may be required.

  2. Some categories (e.g., commercial diesel vehicles) may still face restrictions.

Also Read: Pay Traffic Challan Online Step-by-Step Guide Legalkart

Challenges You Might Face

While the rollback is promising, there are potential roadblocks:

Vehicle Already Scrapped: If your car was dismantled, reclaiming it is impossible.

Fitness Failures: Older vehicles may not pass updated fitness tests.

High Costs: Storage charges, testing fees, and re-registration costs may outweigh the vehicle’s market value.

Re-registration Denial: Vehicles not meeting emission norms may still be banned from Delhi roads.

Also Read: Traffic Challan Disposal Guide Legal Advice

Tips to Improve Your Chances of Reclaiming Your Vehicle

Act Quickly: Apply before your vehicle is scrapped or auctioned.

Maintain Records: Keep original RC, insurance, and past fitness certificates handy.

Legal Support: Consult a lawyer for assistance with complex cases or disputes.

Explore Alternative Registration: If re-registration in Delhi is denied, consider registering the vehicle in a different state with relaxed norms.

Also Read: E-Challan Gurgaon: How to Check Gurugram Traffic e-Challan Status Online

Legal Provisions Around Vehicle Seizures

The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 empowers authorities to seize unfit vehicles. However, owners have:

  1. A right to be notified before scrapping.

  2. A right to apply for release if they comply with fitness and pollution standards.

If you believe your vehicle was unlawfully scrapped or sold, you may:

  1. File a complaint with the Delhi Transport Department.

  2. Approach the State Transport Appellate Tribunal.

  3. Seek legal recourse in the Delhi High Court.

Also Read: Spotting E-Challan Scams: How to Identify and Avoid Fake Traffic Fines

Why the E‑OL Rule Still Matters

While this rollback offers relief, it does not completely remove the E‑OL rule. Authorities continue to stress:

  1. The importance of phasing out older, high-emission vehicles.

  2. Encouragement for citizens to switch to electric or CNG vehicles.

This partial reversal is a temporary window, not a long-term exemption.

Also Read: How to Apply for a Driving Licence Online In India, 2024 (Updated)

Key Takeaways

  1. Delhi’s partial rollback of the fuel ban allows some vehicle owners to reclaim seized or sold vehicles.

  2. Owners must act promptly, ensuring their vehicles pass fitness and pollution checks.

  3. The process involves verifying the vehicle status, paying fees, and re-registering under updated norms.

  4. Legal help is advisable for complex recovery cases.

  5. Even after reclamation, the push towards cleaner, greener transportation continues.

Also Read: How to Register for National Lok Adalat 2025: Token Process, Schedule, and Checking Traffic Challan Status

Final Thoughts

The partial rollback of the E‑OL rule in Delhi is both a relief and a reminder. Relief for those who can now reclaim their vehicles, and a reminder of the city’s ongoing struggle for clean air.

If you are among the affected owners, act now. Check your vehicle’s status, comply with legal requirements, and reclaim what’s yours—before it’s too late.

And if you’re planning to continue using your reclaimed vehicle, ensure it aligns with Delhi’s new green initiatives to avoid future restrictions.

How to Get an NOC and Transfer Your Vehicle Across Indian States: A Step-by-Step Guide (2025)
Traffic Challan

How to Get an NOC and Transfer Your Vehicle Across Indian States: A Step-by-Step Guide (2025)

Are you planning to move your car or bike to a different state in India? Whether it’s for work, education, or personal reasons, shifting a vehicle across state borders involves legal formalities. One of the most crucial steps is obtaining a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from your current RTO (Regional Transport Office).

Also Read: Debunking Driving License Myths: Your Guide to a Hassle-Free Application

Why You Need an NOC for Interstate Vehicle Transfer

When a vehicle moves from one state to another, it needs to comply with the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Section 47 of the Act requires vehicles staying in another state for more than 12 months to be re-registered in the new state.

But to re-register, your current RTO must certify that:

  1. There are no pending traffic fines or taxes.

  2. The vehicle is not under any police investigation or loan hypothecation.

  3. It is fit for transfer.

This certification is called the No Objection Certificate (NOC).

Also Read: FTA HSRP: Complete Guide to Online Registration, Process, Fees, and Status

Why is NOC essential?

  • Legal Requirement: Without NOC, the new state RTO cannot issue a fresh registration number.

  • Road Tax Refund: If you paid a one-time road tax in the old state, you can claim a refund after getting NOC.

  • Avoid Penalties: Vehicles without NOC may be seized or fined during interstate movement.

Fact: According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), over 1.2 million vehicles are transferred between states annually in India, and failure to get NOC is a common cause for RTO disputes.

Also Read: RC Transfers: Essential Insights You Might Be Missing

What Is an NOC?

A No Objection Certificate is a legal document issued by your vehicle’s current RTO, allowing you to register your vehicle in another state.

It confirms:

  1. There are no criminal or financial liabilities attached to your vehicle.

  2. The owner has cleared all dues and taxes.

Validity: The NOC is valid for 6 months from the date of issue. You must complete the transfer process within this period, or else apply for a fresh NOC.

Rule Source: Parivahan.gov.in

Also Read: How To Check Delhi E-Challan Status & Make Payment Online

Documents Required for NOC Application

Here’s what you’ll need as per official RTO guidelines:

Essential Documents

  1. Form 28 (Application for NOC)

    • This is the official application form for NOC. You need to submit three copies of Form 28.

  2. Owner’s ID Proof

    • Aadhaar Card, Passport, Voter ID, or Driving Licence as proof of identity and address.

  3. Original RC (Registration Certificate)

    • Your vehicle’s RC Book/Card is mandatory for ownership verification.

  4. Valid Insurance Certificate

    • A copy of your motor insurance policy to show that your vehicle is insured.

  5. Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate

    • Proof that your vehicle meets environmental emission standards.

  6. Chassis & Engine Pencil Print

    • RTO requires an impression of your vehicle’s chassis and engine numbers for verification.

  7. Road Tax Payment Receipt

    • Proof that you’ve paid the road tax in the current state.

  8. Bank NOC (if vehicle under loan)

    • If your vehicle was financed, you must get a clearance certificate from the bank or financier.

Also Read: Easy Traffic Challan Payment Guide - Legalkart

Additional Documents (if applicable)

  • For Commercial Vehicles:

    1. Permit surrender slip

    2. Fitness Certificate

    3. Proof of no pending challans

  • For Vehicles with Hypothecation:

    • Form 35 (Hypothecation termination certificate)

Also Read: Pay Traffic Challan Online Step-by-Step Guide Legalkart

Why Keep These Ready?

If even one document is missing, your application for NOC might get delayed or rejected. This is especially critical in Delhi NCR, where vehicles older than 10 or 15 years face fuel bans and time is of the essence.

Note: Many people forget to collect the Bank NOC, which causes unnecessary delays in the process. Always check with your bank first if your car was financed.

How to Apply for NOC: Online & Offline

Applying for a No Objection Certificate (NOC) is the first step to legally transfer your vehicle to another state. Depending on your convenience and the facilities available at your RTO, you can choose either the offline process or the online process.

1. Offline Process (Traditional Method at RTO)

If your RTO doesn’t support online NOC applications or you prefer handling the process in person:

Step-by-Step Process:

  1. Visit Your Current RTO: Go to the Regional Transport Office where your vehicle is registered.

  2. Collect & Fill Form 28: This is the official application form for NOC. You’ll need to fill it in triplicate.

  3. Submit Required Documents:

    1. Original RC (Registration Certificate)

    2. Valid insurance certificate

    3. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate

    4. Road tax payment proof

    5. Owner’s ID & address proof

    6. Pencil print of chassis & engine numbers

    7. Bank NOC (if vehicle was under loan)

  4. Pay the Applicable Fee: The NOC fee varies between ₹100 to ₹500, depending on the vehicle and state.

  5. Police Clearance: For theft clearance, the RTO may seek a verification report from the local police station.

  6. Receive NOC: After verification, your RTO will issue the NOC within 7 to 30 working days.

Pro Tip: Keep photocopies of all submitted documents for your own records.

2. Online Process (Parivahan Portal)

If your RTO supports online services, you can apply for NOC conveniently from home using the Ministry of Road Transport’s Parivahan portal.

Step-by-Step Process:

  1. Visit vahan.parivahan.gov.in.

  2. Go to the “Services” tab and select “Application for No Objection Certificate”.

  3. Enter your vehicle registration details and verify them using the chassis number.

  4. Upload scanned copies of required documents.

  5. Pay the NOC fee online through the portal.

  6. Print the Acknowledgment Receipt generated after submission.

  7. Submit the hard copies of the acknowledgment and original documents to your RTO for verification.

  8. Once approved, collect the NOC from your RTO.

Note: While the online application reduces queue time, you may still need to visit the RTO for document submission and final NOC collection.

Also Read: Traffic Challan Disposal Guide Legal Advice

Offline vs Online: Which Is Better?

 

Aspect

Offline Process

Online Process

Convenience

Requires RTO visit

Can start from home

Availability

All RTOs

Limited to RTOs with online services

Processing Time

7–30 days

Same as offline after submission

Document Submission

Physical submission at RTO

Upload online + physical verification

 

Also Read: E-Challan Gurgaon: How to Check Gurugram Traffic e-Challan Status Online

After You Have the NOC: Next Steps

Once you’ve secured your No Objection Certificate (NOC) from your current RTO, you’re halfway through the process of transferring your vehicle to another state. The next steps involve transporting your vehicle, completing re-registration, and ensuring it’s legally road-ready in the new state.

1. Transport the Vehicle

You have two options:

  1. Drive It Yourself: Make sure your NOC and original documents (RC, insurance, PUC) are in the vehicle in case you’re stopped at a checkpoint.

  2. Use a Vehicle Transport Service: Ideal for long distances or if your vehicle is older and subject to restrictions like Delhi’s 10-year/15-year ban.

Tip: If your vehicle falls under the ban and cannot be fueled in Delhi, arrange a car carrier service to move it safely to the destination state.

2. Re-Register Your Vehicle in the New State

Once your vehicle reaches the new state, visit the local RTO and apply for re-registration.

Documents Required:

  1. Original NOC & Form 28

  2. Original RC (Registration Certificate)

  3. Valid insurance & PUC certificate

  4. Chassis & engine pencil print

  5. Proof of address in the new state (Aadhaar, utility bill, etc.)

  6. Forms 29 & 30 (for ownership transfer and registration request)

The new RTO will assign a new registration number for your vehicle and issue a fresh RC book/card.

3. Pay Road Tax in the New State

Every state charges its own road tax, usually calculated based on:

  1. Vehicle type (two-wheeler, car, commercial)

  2. Age of the vehicle

  3. Invoice value of the vehicle

This tax is mandatory for getting your vehicle registered in the new state.

Good News: After paying the new state road tax, you can apply for a road tax refund from your previous state.

4. Get a High Security Registration Plate (HSRP)

In most states, vehicles are now required to use HSRP plates for added security. You’ll receive these along with your new registration number.

Important Note for Delhi Vehicles:

If your diesel/petrol vehicle is older than the 10-year/15-year limit, apply for NOC before it’s flagged at Delhi fuel stations. Once re-registered in another state, the Delhi ban no longer applies, and you can use your vehicle legally there.

Understanding the 10-Year & 15-Year Vehicle Ban in Delhi NCR

What the Ban Means

  1. Diesel vehicles older than 10 years and petrol vehicles older than 15 years are banned in Delhi NCR.

  2. The rule is based on NGT (National Green Tribunal) and Supreme Court directives to curb air pollution.

2025 Update:

From July 1, 2025, Delhi banned fueling such vehicles at petrol pumps to enforce compliance.

Penalties:

  1. ₹10,000 fine for cars.

  2. ₹5,000 for two-wheelers.

  3. Vehicle may be seized and sent for scrapping.

Data Source: Delhi Transport Department Circular

Also Read: Spotting E-Challan Scams: How to Identify and Avoid Fake Traffic Fines

How the Ban Affects Vehicle Transfers

Delhi’s 10-year diesel and 15-year petrol vehicle ban is creating confusion among vehicle owners, especially those planning to move their vehicles to another state. Here’s what you need to know:

1. The Ban Is Location-Specific

The ban applies only within Delhi NCR. Vehicles that cross this age limit cannot refuel at Delhi petrol pumps, and violators face fines of:

  1. ₹10,000 for diesel cars over 10 years.

  2. ₹5,000 for petrol vehicles over 15 years.

  3. Risk of vehicle impoundment.

However, once you obtain an NOC and re-register your vehicle in another state, these Delhi restrictions no longer apply.

2. You Can Transfer and Use Your Vehicle in Other States

Neighboring states like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan do not have the same strict bans for old vehicles. Once you re-register your car or bike there:

  1. You can continue to drive it legally.

  2. There are no fueling restrictions.

This was confirmed in the videos, which emphasized that the Delhi ban does not automatically extend to other states.

3. Act Before Your Vehicle Is Flagged

Delhi has deployed ANPR cameras at fuel stations to enforce the ban. If your vehicle is flagged in their system:

  1. Refueling will be blocked.

  2. You won’t be able to drive it out of Delhi without arranging special towing.

Tip: Apply for your NOC before July 2025 to ensure smooth interstate transfer without getting stuck in this system.

4. CNG Vehicles Are Exempt

If your vehicle runs on CNG, the current fuel ban doesn’t apply. You can continue using it in Delhi and transfer it to another state without any restrictions.

Also Read: How to Register for National Lok Adalat 2025: Token Process, Schedule, and Checking Traffic Challan Status

Commonly Asked Questions

 

Question

Answer

How long does it take to get NOC?

Usually 7–30 days, depending on RTO workload.

Can I get my road tax refunded?

Yes, after re-registration in the new state.

What if my vehicle is already 10/15 yrs?

Apply NOC before July 1 to avoid Delhi fuel ban.

Do I need NOC if shifting temporarily?

No, if stay is less than 12 months.

 

Also Read: How to Apply for a Driving Licence Online In India, 2024 (Updated)

Final Thoughts

Transferring your vehicle to another state may sound complicated, but with the right planning, it can be a smooth and stress-free process.

Applying for a No Objection Certificate (NOC) is the first and most critical step. It ensures your vehicle is legally cleared of any dues, challans, or restrictions from your current state. Once you have the NOC, completing the re-registration in the new state allows you to drive confidently without worrying about penalties or legal hurdles.

If you’re in Delhi NCR, the urgency is even higher. The 10-year diesel and 15-year petrol vehicle ban means you should secure your NOC before your vehicle gets flagged at fuel stations. Once the NOC and re-registration are done, you can continue using your vehicle in neighboring states like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, or Rajasthan, where such bans currently don’t apply.

At LegalKart, we simplify this entire journey for you—from helping you apply for the NOC, clearing road tax dues, settle your pending challans, to guiding you on re-registration in your destination state.

How Section 34 of the Trade Marks Act Secured Victory for Pune’s Burger King After a 13‑Year Fight
Trademark & Copyright

How Section 34 of the Trade Marks Act Secured Victory for Pune’s Burger King After a 13‑Year Fight

When you hear the name “Burger King,” the image of the global fast-food giant likely flashes in your mind—a chain that serves millions of customers every day across the world. But in Pune’s Camp area, there’s another Burger King. This one is not part of the American brand but a small, local restaurant run by a family that has been serving burgers since the early 1990s.

Recently, this humble outlet became the epicenter of one of India’s most talked-about trademark disputes, lasting over 13 years. At the heart of the legal battle was a powerful provision in Indian trademark law: Section 34 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999.

This case is not just about burgers; it’s about small businesses fighting for their identity, how Indian law protects prior users, and why Section 34 became the game-changer. Let’s break it all down in simple terms.

Also Read: How Pune’s “Burger King” Upended a 13‑Year Trademark Fight with the Global Giant

What Is Section 34 of the Trade Marks Act?

Section 34 is a “shield” provision in India’s trademark law.

In simple words: Even if a company has registered a trademark, it cannot stop someone else from using the same (or similar) name if the other party had been using it earlier in their own business area.

This legal principle is known as “Prior User Rights.”

Key elements of Section 34:

 

Legal Element What It Means
Registered Trademark A company owns legal rights to a name or logo after registering it.
Prior Use A person/business has been using the name or logo before the registration.
Protection to Prior Use The prior user can continue using the name/logo in their region or trade despite later registration.

 

This section ensures that small businesses are not unfairly bulldozed by big corporations that enter the market later.

Also Read: Assignment of Trademarks

The Background of the Pune Burger King Case

In 1992, a small restaurant named Burger King opened in Pune’s Camp area, run by Anahita and Shapoor Irani. They had no global ambitions—just a passion for serving good food to their local customers.

Fast forward to 2011:

  1. Burger King Corporation (USA) filed a lawsuit against the Pune outlet.

  2. The American brand claimed that the Pune restaurant was infringing on its globally recognized trademark.

The global giant demanded:

  1. An injunction to stop the Pune restaurant from using the name Burger King.

  2. ₹20 lakh as damages for “loss to reputation.”

  3. Recognition of their brand’s global goodwill in India.

But here’s the twist: Burger King Corporation officially entered India in 2014, 22 years after the Pune restaurant began operating under the same name.

This timeline set the stage for a historic legal clash.

Also Read: Copyright Law In India

How Section 34 Saved the Pune Burger King

When faced with the lawsuit, the local owners didn’t panic. Instead, they presented a solid defense:

They had been using the name Burger King since 1992—long before the global giant came to India.

This is where Section 34 played a decisive role.

  1. The law protected them as “prior users.”

  2. The court ruled that Burger King Corporation could not stop the Pune outlet from using the name in their locality because they had continuous, provable use of the name.

In the eyes of Indian law, history and evidence outweighed global popularity.

Also Read: The Trademark Registration Process In India A Comprehensive Guide

Key Provisions of Section 34, Trade Marks Act, 1999

To understand why Section 34 was the hero, let’s break it down further:

Registered Trademarks Don’t Always Trump Prior Use

  • Just because a company registers a trademark doesn’t mean they own absolute rights.

Protection of Honest Prior Use

  • If a local business started using a name/logo earlier and in good faith, they have a strong defense under Indian law.

Geographical Limitations Apply

  • Protection applies in the specific region or business area where the prior user can prove usage.

Evidence is Critical

  • Bills, advertisements, photos, and records of continuous use strengthen the claim.

Why the Global Burger King Lost the Case

Many people assumed the American giant would win easily. After all, they have thousands of outlets worldwide and massive brand recognition. But here’s why they lost:

  1. The Pune restaurant had prior use rights under Section 34.

  2. There was no proof of customer confusion between the two brands.

  3. The American company couldn’t prove that the Pune outlet was “free riding” on their goodwill.

  4. The court noted that goodwill and reputation are territorial. Since the global Burger King was not in India until 2014, they couldn’t claim prior reputation here.

How Courts View Prior Use in Trademark Disputes

In trademark battles like this, Indian courts take a pragmatic approach:

  1. Evidence over assumptions
  2. History over size
  3. Fairness over brand power

This means even a small local business with a long history of using a name can defeat a multinational corporation in court.

In the Pune case, the court emphasized:

“Legal rights are earned through evidence, not popularity.”

Key Takeaways from the Burger King Pune Trademark Battle

This landmark case offers valuable lessons for:

1. Small Business Owners

  1. Start using your brand early and consistently.

  2. Keep all records safe—bills, menus, advertisements, photos.

2. Entrepreneurs

  • Register your trademark, but know that registration isn’t everything. Prior use can override registration.

3. Law Students and IP Professionals

  1. Understand the power of Section 34 as a defense.

  2. Learn how Indian courts balance global goodwill vs. local rights.

4. Large Corporations

  1. Conduct thorough due diligence before entering new markets.

  2. Respect the territorial nature of trademark rights.

What Small Businesses Can Learn from This Case

Here are 4 big lessons for small entrepreneurs:

Prior Use is Your Superpower

If you started first, don’t back down. Indian law protects you.

Trademark Registration is Not Absolute

Even without registration, you can defend your brand if you prove long and honest use.

Don’t Be Intimidated by Big Names

This case proves that size doesn’t matter—facts and evidence do.

Keep All Evidence Safe

From day one, maintain records of your brand’s use. This could save you in court.

Final Thoughts: The Power of Prior Use in Indian Trademark Law

The Pune Burger King case is a wake-up call for both small businesses and corporate giants.

For small businesses, it proves that the law can protect you—even against multinationals. For big brands, it shows the importance of respecting local players and understanding Indian IP laws.

Key Message:

In India, evidence of prior use trumps global fame. Section 34 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, is a powerful safeguard for local businesses who have earned their identity over time.

The court’s message was clear:

“Legal rights are not about who’s bigger—they’re about who came first and can prove it.”

If you’re a business owner, don’t just focus on registration—focus on building and protecting your brand from day one.

HC Takes Strong Action Against AI-Misuse: YouTube Deepfake of Aaj Tak Anchor Pulled Down
Cyber Crime/Online Fraud

HC Takes Strong Action Against AI-Misuse: YouTube Deepfake of Aaj Tak Anchor Pulled Down

Introduction: The Rise of Deepfake Threats in India

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming how we live, work, and communicate. But with its growing power comes significant risks—particularly the misuse of deepfake technology. Deepfakes are AI-generated videos or audio clips that manipulate a person’s likeness to say or do things they never actually did. While sometimes used for entertainment, deepfakes are increasingly being weaponized to spread misinformation, defame individuals, and exploit public trust.

In a crucial development, the Delhi High Court has taken a firm stand against such AI-driven misuse. The Court ordered the immediate removal of a YouTube channel that used deepfake technology to impersonate renowned journalist Anjana Om Kashyap, anchor and Managing Editor at Aaj Tak. This case marks a significant precedent for combating AI-based impersonation and protecting media credibility.

People Also Read: How To Report Cyber Blackmailing In India

What Are Deepfakes and Why Are They Dangerous?

Before diving into the legal details of the case, let’s understand what deepfakes are.

What Are Deepfakes?

Deepfakes use AI and machine learning algorithms—particularly a method called GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks)—to create highly realistic fake audio, video, or images. These creations can convincingly mimic public figures, celebrities, or even ordinary individuals.

Dangers of Deepfakes

  • Misinformation: They can spread fake news quickly and convincingly.

  • Reputation Damage: Public figures can be shown saying or doing things they never did.

  • Political Manipulation: Deepfakes can sway elections or incite violence.

  • Legal Complications: Determining the truth becomes harder in courts of law.

In this context, the Delhi High Court’s ruling becomes extremely important to safeguard public trust and individual reputations.

People Also Read: Cyber Bullying Law Everything You Need To Know

Case Background: How Aaj Tak Anchor Anjana Om Kashyap Was Targeted

The case was filed by TV Today Network, the parent company of Aaj Tak, against a rogue YouTube channel that used deepfake technology to impersonate Anjana Om Kashyap. The videos falsely portrayed her as spreading misinformation and making controversial remarks, all without her consent.

The Allegations

  1. Impersonation of Kashyap using AI-based deepfakes.

  2. Misuse of TV Today’s intellectual property and logos.

  3. Creation of misleading content that could harm Aaj Tak's reputation.

  4. Monetisation of the videos through YouTube ad revenue.

People Also Read: Can Facebook Post Or Tweet Attract Criminal Liability

Delhi High Court’s Intervention: A Strong Message Against Deepfake Abuse

Justice Prathiba M. Singh presided over the matter and issued a strong interim order in favour of TV Today Network.

Key Observations by the Court:

  1. The fake YouTube channel had manipulated the anchor’s name (removing the “P” from "Kashyap") to deceive viewers.

  2. The Court noted that this was a clear misuse of identity, reputation, and brand value.

  3. Justice Singh emphasised the illegality of using deepfakes to impersonate a media personality, especially for profit or misinformation.

Court’s Orders:

  1. Immediate Takedown of the YouTube channel within 48 hours.

  2. Google directed to disclose Basic Subscriber Information (BSI) of the account holder within two weeks.

  3. If similar fake content is found in the future, TV Today can share URLs for takedown without new petitions.

  4. Disclosure of revenue earned from the channel to assess damages and monetization abuse.

People Also Read: Understanding Cyber Crime in India's Major Cities

Legal Framework Involved

Let’s break down the legal principles and sections relevant in this case.

1. Right to Personality & Reputation

The Indian Constitution protects the Right to Life under Article 21, which includes the Right to Reputation. Misusing someone’s face, voice, or name via deepfake violates this right.

2. Copyright Infringement

TV Today’s logos, trademarks, and broadcast material fall under intellectual property. Using them without authorization breaches copyright laws.

3. Information Technology Act, 2000

Under the IT Act, creating or distributing deepfakes that cause harm can be prosecuted under:

  • Section 66D – Impersonation using computer resources.

  • Section 67 – Publishing or transmitting obscene material.

  • Section 69A – Power of the government and courts to block public access to unlawful information.

4. Defamation Laws

Deepfakes that harm an individual’s reputation could lead to civil and criminal defamation charges under Section 499 and 500 of IPC.

Key Takeaways From the Case

1. Courts Recognize the Deepfake Threat

This ruling affirms that AI misuse is a judicial concern, and courts are willing to take swift action to prevent it.

2. Speedy Relief Is Possible

TV Today received interim relief within days. This showcases how prompt legal intervention can protect public figures and media houses.

3. Platform Accountability

Google, as the owner of YouTube, was made responsible for:

  1. Taking down the content

  2. Disclosing user information

  3. Sharing monetization data

This sets a strong precedent for platform responsibility in the age of AI.

4. Future-Proofing Against Repetition

The Court allowed TV Today to send URLs of similar violations directly to Google, without needing a new court order each time.

Ethical Implications of Deepfake Use

1. Freedom of Speech vs. Right to Reputation

While freedom of expression is a fundamental right, it cannot override someone’s dignity or cause public harm.

2. Impact on Journalism and Media

When anchors like Anjana Om Kashyap are impersonated, it not only harms their personal image but also undermines the credibility of the media.

3. Threat to Democratic Discourse

Deepfakes can be used to polarize public opinion, create riots, or defame political candidates. This is a threat to democracy itself.

What Should Content Creators and Viewers Learn?

For Content Creators:

  • Don’t Use Deepfake Without Consent: Even satirical content can lead to legal action if it impersonates a public figure without permission.

  • Avoid Using Copyrighted Logos or Names: This could lead to IP infringement cases.

  • Declare AI Usage Transparently: Clearly mention if any content uses AI-generated elements.

For Viewers:

  • Don’t Believe Everything You See Online: With AI, not all videos are real. Always check the source.

  • Report Deepfake Content: Platforms like YouTube have built-in reporting tools. Use them.

The Role of Platforms Like YouTube

This case puts significant onus on platforms like YouTube, Meta (Facebook), and X (Twitter) to act against AI-generated impersonation.

What Can Platforms Do?

  • Implement AI-Detection Tools: Use watermarking or machine learning to detect deepfakes.

  • Speed Up Takedown Process: Honor court orders within stipulated timeframes.

  • Collaborate with Legal Authorities: Share data when required under legal requests.

Future of AI Laws in India

1. Need for Dedicated Deepfake Legislation

India currently lacks a specific deepfake law. While IT rules and IPC sections help, a targeted legislation is needed.

2. Draft Digital India Act

The government is considering the Digital India Act, expected to replace the IT Act, 2000. The Act may include:

  1. Provisions on deepfake abuse

  2. AI regulation frameworks

  3. Platform liability

3. Global Trends in Deepfake Laws

  1. EU’s AI Act mandates watermarking for AI-generated content.

  2. China requires disclosure on any deepfake use.

India could follow a similar approach, ensuring transparency and accountability in AI usage.

Conclusion: A Landmark Case for AI Accountability

The Delhi High Court’s intervention in the Anjana Om Kashyap deepfake case is more than just a legal win for a media house—it is a clear message that AI misuse will not be tolerated. As technology evolves, so must our legal frameworks, societal awareness, and ethical boundaries.

Deepfakes are not just a technological novelty—they are a potential threat to democracy, reputation, and justice. Courts, platforms, creators, and viewers all share a responsibility to ensure AI is used for progress, not deceit.