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1. Go to the e-Aasthi portal
   Visit https://eaasthi.karnataka.gov.in or BBMP’s dedicated e-Aasthi site.

2. Login / Register
   Use your mobile number + OTP or Aadhaar-based login. New users may need to sign up, providing name, address, and basic info.

3. Search / Add Property
   Use property ID (PID), khata number, or owner name to locate your property in the “Draft Khata / Property Search” section.

4. Review Draft Khata (if available)
   Many properties already have draft khata records posted. Review the details. If they look correct, proceed to apply. If incorrect, plan corrections.

5. Fill e-Khata Application / Finalization Form
   Enter details: owner(s), address, property description, utility connections, etc. The system may auto-populate fields from Kaveri / Bhoomi / tax database.

6. Upload Documents
   Upload scanned copies of sale deed, encumbrance certificate, identity proof, tax receipts, property photograph, site sketch, etc. Ensure quality scans, accurate filenames, and correct formats.

7. Payment of Fee
   Pay the prescribed fee (for instance ₹125, plus applicable nominal service charge) online via debit/credit card, net banking, or UPI.

8. Submit & Track
   After submission, you receive an application number / SGN (or tracking ID). You can monitor status via portal or SMS alerts.

9. Verification / Cross-Checks
   The system (or ARO / caseworker) verifies against Kaveri, Bhoomi, GIS maps, utility databases. If all matches, e-Khata is approved. If mismatches, you may get a “Query / Correction Required” status.

10. Download Final e-Khata
    Once approved and paid, download your e-Khata PDF, which includes property details, owner names, map, tax history, barcode / QR code, etc.

Typical Timeline

1. For simple cases (no mismatches), approvals can come within 48 hours.

2. For more complex cases or mismatch correction, it could take several days or longer.

Offline / Hybrid / Bangalore One / Kiosk Process

If you're uncomfortable applying online or lack good internet, you can:

1. Visit BBMP Ward Office, Revenue Assistant’s Office, or Bangalore One counter.

2. Request the e-Khata / khata conversion form.

3. Submit physical photocopies / originals of the required documents (same as above).

4. The official will upload them into the e-Aasthi backend for you.

5. You may wait for verification and later return to collect a printed receipt or acknowledgment.

6. Once digital approval is granted, retrieve your e-Khata PDF via the portal or a kiosk.

This hybrid mode ensures everyone can participate, even without strong digital access.

Checking Status & Downloading / Corrections

1. On the e-Aasthi portal, log in and use the “My Applications / Status” section to track your submission.

2. Use your application number, property ID, or mobile number.

3. Once approved, go to “Khata Download / e-Khata” page to fetch the PDF.

4. For corrections (e.g. name mismatch, spelling errors), file an objection (within 7 days of draft publication) or request changes via the ARO with supporting documents.

Real Benefits & User Experience Improvements

Here are concrete ways in which e-Aasthi improves over the Sakala / old regime — with example scenarios.

Faster Turnaround & Predictability

1. Under the older system, a khata transfer or mutation might stretch 30–45 days or more, depending on bottlenecks and document mismatches.

2. Under e-Aasthi, many simple requests are fulfilled within 48 hours. Hindustan Times+2BBMP EASTHI+2

3. The tracking / SMS alerts reduce uncertainty and repeated office visits.

Transparency & Accountability

1. Since every request, edit, or rejection is logged digitally, there’s a clear audit trail.

2. If a department misses a deadline or fails to respond, escalation is easier.

3. The system reduces bribery or middlemen interference (at least in many cases).

Better Data Validation & Fewer Errors

1. Automatic cross-checks catch mismatches (e.g. name vs deed vs tax vs utility) early in the pipeline.

2. GIS mapping ensures property boundaries align with recorded maps.

3. More robust checks reduce future disputes and legal challenges.

Reduces Burden on Citizens & Officials

1. Less physical paperwork, fewer visits, and streamlined workflows.

2. Public officials now work in a more structured, monitored system.

3. For municipal revenue, collection is more reliable, and tax leakages are minimized.

Ease in Transactions, Loans & Permits

1. Having a clean, digital e-Khata helps in property transactions and registration.

2. Mortgage / financing is smoother as banks can verify electronically.

3. Building plan approvals (via EoDB) now require e-Khata / EPID, eliminating duplicative documentation.

Uplift for Marginal / Legacy Properties

1. Many older or grey-area “B-Khata” properties now have a route for regularisation into full legal status.

2. Mega camps or “e-Khata melas” help digitally challenged citizens obtain on-spot e-Khatas. For example, a recent mela served over 3,000 residents.

Challenges, Limitations & Common Pitfalls

While e-Aasthi represents a leap forward, no system is flawless. Here are some known challenges and how to navigate them.

Data Mismatches & Name Discrepancies

1. If your name is spelled differently across documents (Aadhaar, deed, tax records), the system may flag a mismatch and return the request.

2. Always check that names, initials, spelling, and sequence match exactly across all documents.

3. If mismatch persists, file a correction / objection via the ARO.

Missing / Incomplete Documents

1. If you lack an encumbrance certificate, power of attorney, or certain tax receipts, your application may get stalled.

2. Always prepare the full document set in advance.

3. If something is missing, consider going through the offline route or visiting ARO to supplement.

Delay in Complex or Disputed Cases

1. Properties in dispute or boundary overlap often require manual intervention, site inspection, or ARO hearing, which may delay the process.

2. In these cases, the 48-hour promise may not hold.

Connectivity / Server / Technical Issues

1. In peak traffic hours, the e-Aasthi portal may slow down or face downtime.

2. File uploads may fail if internet is unstable or file size is too big. Use compressed but clear scans.

3. Keep backup copies of your uploads.

Digital Divide / Literacy Gap

1. Not all users are comfortable with online workflows. For rural or older citizens, the hybrid or offline route is essential.

2. BBMP / GBA must also ensure kiosks, help desks, and awareness camps to assist such users.

Forced Dependencies / System Rigidity

1. Since e-Khata is now mandatory for many services, any failure or glitch in your e-Aasthi record can block otherwise unrelated approvals.

2. It’s crucial to resolve discrepancies proactively.

Governance & Accountability Issues

1. If the backend team or ARO staff do not process in time, delays still occur.

2. Vigilance and periodic status checking by citizens is necessary.

3. Complaints must be documented via SGN or escalation paths.

Real-Life Case Scenarios (Hypothetical / Composite)

To illustrate, here are some sample scenarios showing how e-Aasthi changes the experience for different types of users.

Scenario 1: A Middle-Class Homebuyer

Ravi purchases an apartment in Bengaluru. He follows these steps:

1. He logs into e-Aasthi, searches via the sale deed number and property ID, and finds the draft khata.

2. He fills out the final application, uploads the deed, pays tax receipts, utility bills, and ID, and submits.

3. Within 48 hours, his e-Khata is approved.

4. Because e-Khata is mandatory for registration, he links this in the registration process.

5. He avoids multiple visits, manual follow-ups, and receives digital proof.

This is markedly smoother than the old Sakala route, where he might have visited the ward office multiple times, chased department heads, or waited weeks.

Scenario 2: Owner of a B-Khata Property with Irregularity

An older house under B-Khata has certain mismatches—state acquisition, encroachment, or missing documents.

1. The owner applies via the e-Aasthi portal.

2. The system flags the case for manual verification / correction by ARO.

3. The municipal or revenue department holds a hearing / site inspection.

4. If regularisation is allowed (due to recent government policy), the B-Khata may be upgraded to A-Khata status, assuming compliance.

5. Once regularised, an e-Khata is issued.

Thanks to the new policy (as of mid-2025), many B-Khata properties up to 30 September 2024 are eligible for such conversion.

Scenario 3: Inherited Property / Heir Transfer

A property owner passes away, and their children wish to transfer ownership.

1. The heir(s) apply via e-Aasthi, uploading succession certificate / legal will, death certificate, ID proofs, etc.

2. The system cross-checks existing khata, deed, and land records (Bhoomi / Kaveri).

3. ARO may validate claims or call for additional documents, if needed.

4. Upon approval, updated ownership names appear in the e-Khata.

This process is much more straightforward than earlier, when heirs would physically visit multiple offices, carry original documents, and wait for manual mutation.

Tips & Best Practices for a Smooth e-Aasthi Experience

To ensure your e-Khata journey is as frictionless as possible, here are practical tips and reminders:

1. Pre-Validate All Documents
   Ensure name spellings, initials, and details are consistent across deed, Aadhaar, tax bills, utility bills, etc.

2. Scan Carefully (Good Resolution, Under Size Limits)
   Use 300 DPI scans, keep file sizes manageable (≤ 5MB, unless portal allows higher), and in accepted formats (PDF / JPG).

3. Check Draft Khata Early
   Once the draft is published, review it and raise objections (within allowed window) if errors are present.

4. Clear Outstanding Dues / Taxes
   If there are unpaid property taxes or arrears, clear them before applying, or else your application may be held up.

5. Don’t Wait for Too Long
   Because e-Khata is mandatory for transactions, it’s better to get it proactively — rather than wait until buying/selling time.

6. Track Status Religiously
   Use the portal, SMS alerts, or reminders. If the status stays in “pending / query” for too long, approach the ARO or raise a grievance.

7. Use Offline Support When Needed
   If you're digitally challenged, visit a Bangalore One center, kiosk, or ward office, take help from staff.

8. Raise Objections Where Needed
   If boundaries look wrong, or the draft has incorrect information, raise objections within 7 days.

9. Backup All Submissions
   Retain local copies of uploaded documents, receipts, screenshots, and application number.

10. Stay Updated on Policy Changes
    As Bengaluru’s governance structure transitions (with Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) replacing BBMP) and policies shift, new rules (e.g. regularisation, app launches) may emerge.

Future Directions & System Evolution

e-Aasthi is not a final product — it's a platform that will evolve. Some expected or reported enhancements include:

1. Mobile App Launch
   The Greater Bengaluru Authority is reportedly launching a mobile app to allow citizens to apply directly from smartphones, further simplifying access.

2. Deeper System Integration
   Closer linkage with planning, taxation, infrastructure, and development departments (e.g., automatic tax integration, building plan scrutiny, permits) is expected.

3. Automatic Regularisation & AI Checkers
   Systems may evolve to automatically flag and propose corrections (e.g. minor name mismatches) using AI/ML, reducing human intervention.

4. Broader Kiosk / Service Centres
   More offline touch-points (kiosks in neighborhoods, roaming camps) to help digitally excluded populations.

5. Enhanced Audit & Anti-Fraud Tools
   With all records digitized, anomalies can be detected (duplicate khatas, sham transactions), deterring fraud.

6. Pan-Karnataka / inter-city interoperability
   Expansion of e-Aasthi’s logic to other municipalities or linking systems across districts for seamless inter-jurisdiction property transactions.

7. Policy Adaptations Post-GBA Transition
   As governance shifts from BBMP to GBA (Greater Bengaluru Authority) from 2025, rules, thresholds, or departmental alignment might change.

The future of Bengaluru’s property administration is digital and dynamic — and e-Aasthi is the foundation.

Summary & Conclusion

Bengaluru’s journey from Sakala-based manual services to a fully digitised e-Aasthi platform marks a transformation in public service delivery, transparency, and citizen empowerment.

1. Sakala introduced accountability and deadlines, but was constrained by manual workflows, human error, and lack of integration.

2. e-Aasthi does the heavy lifting: digitizing khata, integrating land records (Bhoomi, Kaveri), mapping spatial boundaries (GIS), and automating verification across databases.

3. In practice, e-Aasthi offers faster approvals (often 48 hours), high transparency, lower user burden, fewer visits, and better dispute prevention.

4. Legally, e-Khata is now mandatory for property transactions, and building plan approvals are bound to it.

5. Challenges remain: data mismatches, digital divide, complex / disputed cases, and backend responsiveness.

6. Yet the trend is clear — property record management is becoming more citizen-centric, technology-driven, and auditable.

If you own property in Bengaluru (or plan to), here’s what you should do:

1. Check if your property has a draft khata on e-Aasthi.

2. If not finalized, apply for final e-Khata by uploading correct documents and verifying status.

3. If you have B-Khata, explore regularisation options (given recent government liberalisation).

4. Use digital status tracking and if necessary, approach ARO or higher officials in case of delays.

5. Stay updated: e-Aasthi enhancements, app releases, GBA policy changes, etc.

By converting your khata to the e-Aasthi system, you safeguard your property rights, facilitate transactions, and align with the modern governance model.

Also Read: Top Reasons to Hire an Experienced Civil Lawyer in Delhi

A Brief History of Drone Regulations in India

1. The 2014 Ban

In October 2014, DGCA issued a public notice completely banning civil use of drones in India. The ban was introduced because:

1. There was no regulatory framework in place.

2. Concerns around privacy, security, and airspace safety were growing.

Flying drones without government approval was considered illegal and punishable under provisions of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

2. 2016 Draft Guidelines

In 2016, DGCA released its first draft policy. For the first time, drones were defined as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). The draft introduced categories based on weight and suggested an elaborate permission process.

While this was a step forward, it was criticized for:

1. Excessive paperwork.

2. Multiple department clearances.

3. Slow approval processes.

This discouraged individuals and small businesses from using drones legally.

3. The UAOP Era (2018–2021)

In 2018, DGCA introduced the Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit (UAOP) system. Anyone who wanted to fly a drone for commercial or research purposes had to obtain a UAOP.

The requirements included:

1. Police verification.

2. Technical specifications of the drone.

3. Clearances from multiple authorities like DoT, BCAS, and MoD.

4. Permissions from landowners for take-off and landing.

The process was complex, costly, and inaccessible for hobbyists.

Buying, Selling, and Importing Drones in India

• Buying & Selling: Drones have always been available in India, both online and in stores. Buying or selling drones is not illegal.

• Importing Drones: Importing drones requires approval from DGCA and a valid license from the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).

This restriction ensures:

1. National security is not compromised.

2. India encourages domestic drone manufacturing.

Legal Status Under Aircraft Rules, 1937

Under Rule 3(7) of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, drones are considered aircraft. This means they are subject to aviation law.

Only the following entities can legally own and operate drones:

1. Indian citizens.

2. Indian-registered companies.

3. Central or state government agencies.

4. Foreign companies leasing drones to Indian entities.

A Certificate of Registration is required, and DGCA issues a Unique Identification Number (UIN) for each drone.

The Privacy and Trespass Problem

Before the 2021 reforms, a major concern was misuse of drones for:

1. Spying on individuals.

2. Recording private events without consent.

3. Trespassing into private property.

4. Surveillance without authorization.

Such misuse could attract criminal charges under:

• Section 441 IPC – Criminal trespass.

• Section 354C IPC – Voyeurism.

• Section 66E of IT Act – Violation of privacy.

The Game-Changer: Drone Rules, 2021

In August 2021, India introduced the Drone Rules, 2021, replacing the outdated UAOP system. These rules significantly simplified and liberalized drone operations in India.

The key focus areas:

1. Ease of doing business.

2. Promoting drone technology and innovation.

3. Encouraging startups and entrepreneurs.

4. Balancing safety with accessibility.

Key Provisions of Drone Rules, 2021

1. Classification of Drones

Drones are categorized by weight:

• Nano: Up to 250 g

• Micro: 250 g – 2 kg

• Small: 2 – 25 kg

• Medium: 25 – 150 kg

• Large: Above 150 kg

Exemption: Nano drones used for non-commercial purposes do not require registration or pilot certification.

2. Drone Registration on Digital Sky

All drones (except exempt nano drones) must be registered on the Digital Sky Platform. Once registered, they receive a Unique Identification Number (UIN).

Benefits of Digital Sky:

1. Online permissions.

2. Interactive airspace map.

3. Automated approvals.

3. Remote Pilot Certificate (RPC)

1. Required for commercial drone operators.

2. Issued by DGCA-approved training organizations.

3. Valid for 10 years.

4. Hobbyists flying nano drones are exempt.

4. Airspace Categorization

Indian airspace is divided into zones:

1. Green Zone: No permission needed (up to 400 ft).

2. Yellow Zone: Requires permission via Digital Sky.

3. Red Zone: Strictly prohibited.

Operators must always check the interactive map before flying.

5. No-Fly Zones

Drone flying is prohibited near:

1. Airports.

2. International borders.

3. Military and defence establishments.

4. State Secretariat complexes.

5. Nuclear power plants.

6. Other strategic and sensitive zones.

6. NPNT (No-Permission, No-Takeoff)

1. Drones are programmed not to take off without approval.

2. Permissions are granted digitally via Digital Sky.

7. Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) & Night Flying

1. Drones must always be flown within the operator’s line of sight.

2. Night flying is allowed only with special permission.

8. Insurance & Liability

1. Insurance is highly recommended to cover third-party liabilities.

2. Protects against accidents, damages, or injuries caused during operations.

9. Data Protection and Privacy

Drone operators must respect privacy laws when capturing or storing data. Unauthorized surveillance can lead to:

1. Civil suits.

2. Criminal prosecution under IPC and IT Act.

Penalties for Violations

Violating drone laws can result in heavy penalties:

1. Flying without registration – up to ₹50,000 fine.

2. Operating without RPC – up to ₹25,000 fine.

3. Flying in restricted zones – up to ₹1,00,000 fine.

4. Unauthorized imports – up to ₹5,00,000 fine.

In addition, drones may be seized, and operators can face criminal charges under IPC.

Drone Applications in India

1. Agriculture – Crop monitoring, pesticide spraying.

2. Infrastructure – Surveying roads, railways, pipelines.

3. Cinematography – Films, advertisements, wedding shoots.

4. E-commerce – Pilot projects for drone-based deliveries.

5. Disaster Management – Rescue operations during floods, earthquakes.

6. Defence and Security – Border surveillance, counter-terror operations.

Practical Tips for Drone Operators in India

1. Always register your drone on Digital Sky.

2. Carry your RPC if flying commercially.

3. Check airspace maps before flying.

4. Avoid flying near airports, borders, or military zones.

5. Do not fly above 400 ft without permission.

6. Respect people’s privacy—never record without consent.

7. Consider getting insurance to safeguard against liabilities.

Conclusion

So, is it legal to fly drones in India?
Yes—but only if you follow the Drone Rules, 2021.

India has evolved from a blanket ban to one of the world’s most structured drone regulatory frameworks. The rules are designed to balance innovation with national security and privacy concerns.

For drone enthusiasts, entrepreneurs, and businesses, the path is now clear:

1. Register your drone.

2. Get necessary permissions.

3. Fly only in approved zones.

4. Respect privacy and safety norms.

Used responsibly, drones can revolutionize industries and everyday life in India. The sky is open—but only if you follow the law.

Also Read: How To Start A Single Person Company in India

What is ROC Compliance?

The Registrar of Companies (ROC) is a government authority under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) that oversees company administration in India. ROC compliance refers to the process of filing reports, forms, and returns that are legally mandated to ensure transparency and accountability in a company’s operations.

For Pvt Ltd companies, ROC compliance involves:

1. Holding board and shareholder meetings.

2. Filing annual returns and financial statements.

3. Notifying ROC about significant business events.

4. Maintaining statutory records.

These filings give the government and stakeholders a clear picture of the company’s financial health, governance, and overall operations.

Also Read: How To Start A Startup In India

Why ROC Compliance is Important for Pvt Ltd Companies

Failing to meet compliance requirements can have serious consequences. Here’s why ROC compliance matters:

1. Legal Requirement – Non-compliance can result in heavy fines and penalties.

2. Business Credibility – Investors, banks, and clients often check a company’s compliance history before engaging.

3. Avoiding Director Disqualification – If a company fails to file returns for three consecutive years, its directors may be disqualified.

4. Access to Funding – Compliance history is a major factor when applying for loans or attracting investors.

5. Maintaining Active Status – ROC can strike off non-compliant companies from its register, making them inactive.

Also Read: Legal Compliances Checklist For Startups In India

Types of ROC Compliances

ROC compliances for Pvt Ltd companies can be divided into two main categories:

1. Mandatory Annual Compliances – Regular filings and actions that must be performed every year.

2. Event-Based Compliances – Filings that are triggered by specific company events such as a change in directors, office address, or issue of shares.

Let’s break these down in detail.

Also Read: How To Register Your Startup In India 5 Simple Steps For Registration

Mandatory Annual ROC Compliances

1. First Board Meeting

1. A company must conduct its first board meeting within 30 days of incorporation.

2. Thereafter, at least two board meetings every year must be held, with a gap of not more than 120 days between two meetings.

3. Notice of the meeting must be given at least 7 days in advance.

4. Form MBP-1 must be filed by directors disclosing their interests in other entities.

Also Read: The Startup India Scheme

2. Annual General Meeting (AGM)

1. Except One Person Companies (OPC), every Pvt Ltd company must hold an AGM.

2. First AGM must be held within 9 months from the end of the first financial year.

3. Subsequent AGMs must be held within 6 months from the end of the financial year, but the gap between two AGMs cannot exceed 15 months.

4. At the AGM, shareholders approve financial statements, appoint/reappoint directors and auditors, and review board reports.

Also Read: Top 10 Legal Mistakes Every Startup Founder Must Avoid

3. Filing of Annual Returns – Form MGT-7

1. Every Pvt Ltd company must file its Annual Return (Form MGT-7) within 60 days of AGM.

2. It contains details like:

   1. Shareholding pattern.

   2. List of directors and key managerial personnel.

   3. Details of meetings.

   4. Share transfers.

4. Filing of Financial Statements – Form AOC-4

1. Financial statements, including the Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Account, and Board Report, must be filed with ROC in Form AOC-4 within 30 days of AGM.

2. Financial statements must be audited by a Statutory Auditor before filing.

5. Income Tax Return Filing

1. Apart from ROC filing, companies must file Income Tax Returns (ITR-6) every year, irrespective of profit or loss.

2. The due date is 30th September of the assessment year (unless extended by the government).

6. Statutory Registers Maintenance

Every Pvt Ltd company must maintain:

1. Register of Members.

2. Register of Directors.

3. Register of Charges.

4. Minutes of Board & General Meetings.

5. Register of Share Allotment.

These must be kept updated and available for inspection.

7. Director Identification Number (DIN) KYC – Form DIR-3 KYC

1. Every director must file DIR-3 KYC annually with updated personal details.

2. Non-filing leads to DIN deactivation and a penalty of ₹5,000.

8. Appointment of Auditor – Form ADT-1

1. A company must appoint its first auditor within 30 days of incorporation.

2. Subsequent auditors are appointed for 5 years in the AGM, and details must be filed with ROC using Form ADT-1.

9. Commencement of Business – Form INC-20A

1. Every Pvt Ltd company incorporated after 2019 must file INC-20A within 180 days of incorporation.

2. This is mandatory before starting business operations or borrowing funds.

Also Read: Procedure, Document Checklist And Costs For Incorporation Of A Private Limited Company

Event-Based ROC Compliances

Event-based compliances arise when specific changes or activities take place within the company. Some of the common ones include:

1. Change in Directors – Form DIR-12

• Any appointment, resignation, or change in designation of directors must be filed with ROC within 30 days.

2. Change in Share Capital – Form SH-7

1. Alteration of authorized share capital requires filing SH-7 within 30 days.

2. For allotment of new shares, Form PAS-3 must be filed within 15 days.

3. Change in Registered Office – Form INC-22 / MGT-14

1. Shift within the same ROC jurisdiction – file INC-22.

2. Shift to another ROC jurisdiction – requires MGT-14 + RD approval.

4. Charge Creation / Modification – Form CHG-1

• When a loan is taken by creating a charge on company assets, the charge must be filed with ROC in Form CHG-1 within 30 days (extendable to 120 days with additional fees).

5. Satisfaction of Charge – Form CHG-4

• Once the loan is repaid, the company must file CHG-4 within 30 days to record charge satisfaction.

6. Auditor Resignation – Form ADT-3

• If an auditor resigns, the company must file ADT-3 within 30 days.

7. Delay in MSME Payments – Form MSME-1

• If payments to Micro and Small Enterprises are delayed beyond 45 days, the company must report the details bi-annually in Form MSME-1.

8. Return of Deposits – Form DPT-3

• Every company that accepts deposits or loans must file DPT-3 annually before 30th June.

9. Resolutions and Agreements – Form MGT-14

• Special resolutions and certain board resolutions must be filed with ROC in MGT-14.

10. Substantial Beneficial Ownership – Form BEN-2

• Companies must disclose details of any individual holding 25% or more beneficial ownership in Form BEN-2.

Also Read: Company Name Reservation Process Reserve Unique Name Requirements and Process

Penalties for Non-Compliance

Non-compliance can lead to heavy fines. Here are some common penalties:

• Failure to hold AGM – ₹25,000 on the company + ₹5,000 on every officer.

• Non-filing of Annual Return (MGT-7) – ₹100 per day of delay.

• Non-filing of Financial Statements (AOC-4) – ₹100 per day of delay.

• Non-filing of DIN KYC – DIN deactivation + ₹5,000 penalty.

• Failure to file INC-20A – ₹50,000 on company + ₹1,000 per day on directors.

Also Read: Setting up a Sole Proprietorship Business in India

Practical Tips to Stay ROC Compliant

1. Maintain a Compliance Calendar – Track all due dates.

2. Hire a Professional – A Company Secretary (CS) or Chartered Accountant (CA) can help avoid mistakes.

3. Use Technology – Many compliance management software tools can send reminders and help with filings.

4. Conduct Regular Internal Audits – Ensure registers, books, and minutes are updated.

5. Don’t Ignore Small Penalties – Delays accumulate into huge amounts.

Also Read: Things Nobody Told You About Setting up a Private Limited Company

Common Myths About ROC Compliance

• Myth 1: Small companies don’t need to comply.

  • Fact: ROC compliance is mandatory regardless of turnover or profit.

• Myth 2: Non-operational companies are exempt.

  • Fact: Even dormant companies must file returns unless formally closed.

• Myth 3: Penalties are minor.

  • Fact: Penalties can run into lakhs, along with director disqualification.

Also Read: How Can We Check Whether A Company Is Registered Or Not?

Latest Updates in ROC Compliance (2025)

1. MCA’s V3 portal has simplified filing processes with e-forms now integrated into an online dashboard.

2. Additional disclosures in financial statements are now mandatory, including CSR expenditure and related party transactions.

3. Small companies benefit from relaxed compliance norms, such as exemption from certain board meetings.

Also Read: Partnership Agreement Between Two Companies

Conclusion

ROC compliance for Pvt Ltd companies may seem overwhelming at first glance, but with proper planning and expert help, it becomes manageable. Compliance ensures transparency, builds credibility, protects directors from penalties, and allows businesses to grow smoothly.

If you are a business owner, consider consulting a legal compliance expert to handle your ROC filings. This allows you to focus on business growth while ensuring that your company remains legally sound.

Also Read: Court Marriage Process Know About Its Various Aspects

Why Are Witnesses Needed for Court Marriage?

Witnesses act as neutral parties who confirm that:

1. The marriage took place in a lawful manner.

2. Both parties entered the marriage freely and with consent.

3. All the legal formalities were observed.

Their role is so crucial that without their presence, the court marriage process cannot be completed.

Also Read: The Comprehensive Guide To Court Marriage In India

How Many Witnesses Are Required for Court Marriage?

As per the Special Marriage Act, 1954, three witnesses are required for court marriage in India.

Quick Facts About Witness Requirements

1. Minimum Number: Three witnesses

2. Maximum Number: Only three are needed, no additional witnesses are required.

3. Legal Status: Witnesses should be adults and competent to testify.

4. Relation to Couple: Not mandatory to be related to either the bride or groom.

Also Read: Understanding Your Legal Rights in Live-in Relationships in India

Who Can Be a Witness for Court Marriage?

The law does not impose rigid restrictions on who can act as a witness. However, there are basic eligibility criteria:

Adult and Competent Individuals

1. The witness must be at least 18 years old.

2. They should be of sound mind and capable of understanding the significance of their role.

3. They must not be under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or any condition affecting their judgment.

Family Members

Family members are the most common choice for witnesses. These can include:

1. Parents

2. Siblings

3. Cousins

4. Aunts and uncles

However, it is not mandatory for witnesses to be related to the couple.

Friends

Close friends are often chosen as witnesses, especially in cases where:

1. Family members are unavailable.

2. The marriage is kept private.

3. The couple prefers a more intimate or discreet ceremony.

Colleagues or Neighbours

In some cases, especially when couples get married away from their hometown, colleagues or neighbors can serve as witnesses.

No Requirement for Relation to the Couple

The witness does not need to have any prior relationship with the bride or groom. They simply need to:

1. Be present at the time of marriage.

2. Sign the marriage documents to confirm the legality of the process.

Also Read: Arya Samaj Marriage Know Its Importance and Cost Effectiveness

What Is the Role of Witnesses in Court Marriage?

Witnesses are not passive observers. Their involvement includes important responsibilities:

1. Being Present During Marriage Solemnisation

The witnesses must be physically present when the Marriage Officer solemnizes the marriage. Their presence confirms that the ceremony occurred lawfully.

2. Signing Marriage Documents

Witnesses are required to sign:

• The marriage declaration form.

• The marriage certificate, which acts as a permanent legal record.

Their signatures serve as proof of the couple’s consent and completion of legal formalities.

3. Testifying in Court (if required)

In rare cases of disputes regarding the validity of the marriage, witnesses may be called to testify in court. Their testimony can help establish the facts surrounding the marriage.

Also Read: Can a Married Man Legally Marry Another Woman Through Court Marriage in India?

Documents Required From Witnesses

When appearing for court marriage, witnesses must carry certain identification documents. These are mandatory to verify their identity:

• Aadhar Card

• PAN Card

• Voter ID Card

• Driving License

• Passport (if available)

• Two passport-size photographs

Important: All documents should be original with photocopies for submission.

Also Read: Same Sex Marriages Legal Or Illegal

Legal Provisions Regarding Witnesses

The requirement for three witnesses is explicitly stated under the Special Marriage Act, 1954. The presence and signature of these witnesses ensure:

1. The marriage was conducted freely and lawfully.

2. Both parties were of legal age and competent to marry.

3. No coercion or fraud occurred.

Failure to have the required witnesses can render the marriage incomplete and legally invalid.

Also Read: Court Marriage in Kolkata: Process, Documentation, and Legal Requirements

Common Questions About Witnesses in Court Marriage

1. Can parents refuse to act as witnesses?

Yes. Parents or family members are not obligated to act as witnesses if they do not wish to. The couple can choose friends or other acquaintances.

2. Do witnesses have any legal liabilities?

No. Witnesses only confirm the occurrence of the marriage. They are not responsible for any disputes between the couple later.

3. Can government officials act as witnesses?

Yes, but only if they are personally willing. They are not required to do so in their official capacity.

4. Can witnesses be from outside India?

Yes. Foreign nationals can act as witnesses if they carry valid identification (like a passport and visa).

Important Considerations for Couples Choosing Witnesses

1. Choose trustworthy and responsible individuals who understand the significance of their role.

2. Ensure witnesses are available on the scheduled marriage date.

3. Confirm that they carry valid IDs.

4. Discuss the process with them beforehand to avoid confusion during the marriage registration.

Step-by-Step Guide to Court Marriage Witness Procedure

1. Couple submits Notice of Intended Marriage (30-day notice period).

2. Marriage Officer schedules date for solemnisation.

3. Witnesses are informed and asked to be present.

4. On the marriage date, witnesses attend the ceremony and sign documents.

5. Marriage Certificate is issued with the names and signatures of witnesses recorded.

Key Takeaways: Witnesses in Court Marriage

• Number of witnesses required: 3

• Relationship to couple: Not mandatory

• Documents needed: Valid photo ID and photographs

• Role: To validate the legality and consent of the marriage

• Legal basis: Special Marriage Act, 1954

Witnesses ensure that the marriage is recognized not just socially but legally, safeguarding the rights of both individuals.

Conclusion: Why Witnesses Matter in Court Marriage

Witnesses are not just formal participants in court marriage—they are key pillars of the legal process that validates the union. While their role may seem simple, it carries immense significance in safeguarding the couple’s rights and protecting against potential disputes in the future.

So, if you’re planning a court marriage, ensure you arrange three responsible witnesses, prepare their documents in advance, and brief them about their responsibilities. With the right planning, your marriage process will be smooth, lawful, and stress-free.

Also Read: Debunking Driving License Myths: Your Guide to a Hassle-Free Application

Why Was There a Fuel Ban on Older Vehicles in Delhi?

Delhi has long struggled with air pollution, often ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. In 2015, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) introduced a rule banning:

1. Diesel vehicles older than 10 years

2. Petrol vehicles older than 15 years

from operating in Delhi-NCR. The ban aimed to reduce vehicular emissions, which were seen as major contributors to PM2.5 and PM10 levels.

In 2025, the Delhi Transport Department went a step further by cutting off fuel supply to such vehicles, essentially making it impossible for owners to refuel and use them.

This drastic measure, however, triggered:

1. Massive inconvenience to daily commuters.

2. Economic loss for vehicle owners who were forced to sell or scrap functional cars.

3. Legal challenges questioning the fairness of the enforcement.

Also Read: How to Get an NOC and Transfer Your Vehicle Across Indian States: A Step-by-Step Guide (2025)

Also Read: FTA HSRP: Complete Guide to Online Registration, Process, Fees, and Status

What Led to the Partial Reversal in 2025?

Public backlash and logistical concerns forced the government to rethink its approach. Many citizens argued:

1. Their vehicles were well-maintained and passed emission tests despite being older.

2. A sudden fuel cut-off deprived them of time to make alternate arrangements.

3. Vehicles seized under the rule were auctioned off hastily or left languishing in government yards, leading to further depreciation.

Considering these issues, the Delhi Transport Department amended the policy, allowing certain categories of vehicles to be reclaimed or re-registered after satisfying updated fitness and pollution norms.

This rollback provides a second chance for owners who either:

1. Had their vehicles seized and stored.

2. Sold their vehicles under duress but now wish to reclaim them.

Also Read: RC Transfers: Essential Insights You Might Be Missing

How to Check if Your Vehicle Can Be Reclaimed

Before you begin, it’s important to check the current status of your vehicle.

Step: Verify Registration Status Online

Visit the Delhi Transport Department’s portal or use the VAHAN website:

1. Go to https://vahan.nic.in.

2. Enter your vehicle registration number.

3. Check whether your vehicle is listed as:

   1. Seized and stored in a government yard

   2. Scrapped/deregistered

   3. Auctioned or sold

Step: Locate Your Vehicle

If the vehicle is still in a government storage yard, you may apply for its release.
If it has been sold or auctioned, you will need to trace the new owner via:

1. VAHAN database records.

2. Delhi Transport Department’s assistance.

Also Read: How To Check Delhi E-Challan Status & Make Payment Online

Step-by-Step Guide to Reclaiming Your Seized Vehicle

If your vehicle is still stored in a government yard, follow these steps carefully:

Step 1: Apply for Vehicle Release

Submit an application at your Regional Transport Office (RTO) or online through the Delhi Transport portal. Attach:

1. Proof of ownership (RC copy).

2. ID proof (Aadhaar, PAN).

3. Seizure notice (if available).

Step 2: Pay Pending Charges

You will likely need to pay:

1. Parking and yard fees (calculated based on storage duration).

2. Administrative charges for processing the release.

Step 3: Fitness and Pollution Tests

Your vehicle must pass:

1. A fitness test at an authorized testing center.

2. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification.

If it fails, the authorities may deny re-registration.

Step 4: Re-registration

If approved, re-register your vehicle under updated norms and get a new Registration Certificate (RC).

Also Read: Easy Traffic Challan Payment Guide - Legalkart

What If You Sold Your Vehicle Under Pressure?

Many owners sold their vehicles to buyers outside Delhi to comply with the ban. If you wish to reclaim such a vehicle:

Step 1: Trace the Current Owner

1. Contact the buyer directly (if details are available).

2. Approach the Transport Department for assistance in locating the vehicle.

Step 2: Negotiate Repurchase

If the current owner agrees, draw up a legal sale agreement for repurchase.

Step 3: Check Eligibility for Re-registration in Delhi

Ensure your reclaimed vehicle qualifies under the updated rules:

1. Compliance with BS-VI emission norms may be required.

2. Some categories (e.g., commercial diesel vehicles) may still face restrictions.

Also Read: Pay Traffic Challan Online Step-by-Step Guide Legalkart

Challenges You Might Face

While the rollback is promising, there are potential roadblocks:

Vehicle Already Scrapped: If your car was dismantled, reclaiming it is impossible.

Fitness Failures: Older vehicles may not pass updated fitness tests.

High Costs: Storage charges, testing fees, and re-registration costs may outweigh the vehicle’s market value.

Re-registration Denial: Vehicles not meeting emission norms may still be banned from Delhi roads.

Also Read: Traffic Challan Disposal Guide Legal Advice

Tips to Improve Your Chances of Reclaiming Your Vehicle

Act Quickly: Apply before your vehicle is scrapped or auctioned.

Maintain Records: Keep original RC, insurance, and past fitness certificates handy.

Legal Support: Consult a lawyer for assistance with complex cases or disputes.

Explore Alternative Registration: If re-registration in Delhi is denied, consider registering the vehicle in a different state with relaxed norms.

Also Read: E-Challan Gurgaon: How to Check Gurugram Traffic e-Challan Status Online

Legal Provisions Around Vehicle Seizures

The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 empowers authorities to seize unfit vehicles. However, owners have:

1. A right to be notified before scrapping.

2. A right to apply for release if they comply with fitness and pollution standards.

If you believe your vehicle was unlawfully scrapped or sold, you may:

1. File a complaint with the Delhi Transport Department.

2. Approach the State Transport Appellate Tribunal.

3. Seek legal recourse in the Delhi High Court.

Also Read: Spotting E-Challan Scams: How to Identify and Avoid Fake Traffic Fines

Why the E‑OL Rule Still Matters

While this rollback offers relief, it does not completely remove the E‑OL rule. Authorities continue to stress:

1. The importance of phasing out older, high-emission vehicles.

2. Encouragement for citizens to switch to electric or CNG vehicles.

This partial reversal is a temporary window, not a long-term exemption.

Also Read: How to Apply for a Driving Licence Online In India, 2024 (Updated)

Key Takeaways

1. Delhi’s partial rollback of the fuel ban allows some vehicle owners to reclaim seized or sold vehicles.

2. Owners must act promptly, ensuring their vehicles pass fitness and pollution checks.

3. The process involves verifying the vehicle status, paying fees, and re-registering under updated norms.

4. Legal help is advisable for complex recovery cases.

5. Even after reclamation, the push towards cleaner, greener transportation continues.

Also Read: How to Register for National Lok Adalat 2025: Token Process, Schedule, and Checking Traffic Challan Status

Final Thoughts

The partial rollback of the E‑OL rule in Delhi is both a relief and a reminder. Relief for those who can now reclaim their vehicles, and a reminder of the city’s ongoing struggle for clean air.

If you are among the affected owners, act now. Check your vehicle’s status, comply with legal requirements, and reclaim what’s yours—before it’s too late.

And if you’re planning to continue using your reclaimed vehicle, ensure it aligns with Delhi’s new green initiatives to avoid future restrictions.