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Also Read: Immigration Legal Services in India: Expert Guidance for a Smooth Immigration Journey

Understanding the Portugal Golden Visa Program

The Portugal Golden Visa is officially called the Residence Permit for Investment Activity (ARI). Launched in 2012, it allows non-EU/EEA/Swiss nationals to obtain Portuguese residency in exchange for making a qualifying investment in the country.

For Indian citizens, this means:

1. The right to live, work, and study in Portugal

2. Visa-free travel within the Schengen Area

3. A pathway to permanent residency and citizenship after five years

Also Read: Canada Visa Refusal and Re-Application: A Comprehensive Guide

What Changed in 2024–2025 and Why It Matters

End of the Real Estate Route

In October 2023, Portugal passed legislation officially removing real estate investments from the Golden Visa program. The traditional €500,000 property purchase route—by far the most popular—was scrapped to redirect foreign capital toward sectors that directly benefit the economy.

Why This Benefits Indian Nationals:

1. Less competition from speculative real estate investors

2. More diversified investment portfolio options

3. Lower entry thresholds in some cases

Current Investment Options for Indian Nationals (2025)

As of 2025, four main routes remain available to Indian applicants:

Cultural Heritage Donation

1. Minimum Investment: €250,000

2. What It Involves: Funding approved projects to preserve Portuguese cultural heritage—museums, historical sites, or artistic projects.

3. Pros: Lowest investment threshold; fastest approval times; minimal documentation on investment performance.

4. Cons: Non-refundable; purely a donation.

Investment Funds

1. Minimum Investment: €500,000

2. What It Involves: Investing in regulated Portuguese venture capital or private equity funds that support local businesses, green energy projects, or innovation sectors.

3. Pros: Potential capital appreciation; managed by licensed professionals; no property management hassles.

4. Cons: Market risk; investment performance varies.

Scientific Research

1. Minimum Investment: €500,000

2. What It Involves: Funding research at accredited Portuguese universities or scientific institutions in sectors like technology, medicine, renewable energy.

3. Pros: Contributes to global innovation; aligns with Indian IT/tech entrepreneurship trends; strong government oversight.

• Cons: No guaranteed returns; niche investment space.

Job Creation

1. Minimum Investment: Typically €500,000+ (depends on business plan)

2. What It Involves: Establishing a business in Portugal that creates at least 10 full-time jobs for locals.

3. Pros: Direct business expansion into the EU; potential high returns if business succeeds.

4. Cons: Operational complexity; requires hands-on management.

Eligibility Criteria for Indian Nationals

To qualify for the Portugal Golden Visa, Indian applicants must meet:

1. Age: 18 years or older

2. Nationality: Must be a non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizen

3. Clean Criminal Record: No serious convictions in India or elsewhere

4. Investment Funds Source: Funds must be legally obtained and fully documented

5. Commitment: Maintain the investment for at least five years

6. Physical Presence: Minimum 7 days in Portugal during the first year, and 14 days in each subsequent two-year period

Key Benefits for Indian Nationals

Minimal Residency Requirements

Only 7 days in the first year and 14 days in each subsequent two-year period—ideal for Indian professionals with international commitments.

Family Inclusion

One application can include:

1. Spouse or legal partner

2. Dependent children (including adult children if financially dependent)

3. Dependent parents

Tax Advantages

Portugal’s Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) regime offers:

1. Flat 20% tax on Portuguese income

2. Up to 10 years exemption on most foreign income

3. Benefits under the India–Portugal Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)

Path to EU Citizenship

After 5 years of legal residency, you can apply for Portuguese citizenship, gaining:

1. EU passport

2. Right to live and work anywhere in the EU

3. Visa-free access to 190+ countries

Quality of Life

Portugal ranks high for safety, healthcare, education, and cost of living compared to other EU countries.

The Application Process for Indian Nationals

The Golden Visa application process is straightforward but documentation-heavy—especially for Indian applicants due to additional steps under Indian regulations.

Step 1: Choose Investment Route

Select the route that matches your budget, risk tolerance, and objectives.

Step 2: Prepare Documents

Indian applicants must:

1. Get all documents apostilled under the Hague Convention (India is a signatory)

2. Translate documents into Portuguese via certified translators

Commonly Required Documents:

1. Valid passport

2. Police clearance certificates from India and any country lived in for more than one year

3. Proof of legal source of funds (salary slips, tax returns, property sale documents)

4. Marriage certificate, birth certificates (if including family)

Step 3: Open a Portuguese Bank Account

Required for making the qualifying investment.

Step 4: Transfer Funds Under LRS

Under India’s Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS):

1. You can remit up to USD 250,000 (~€230,000) per person per financial year

2. Larger investments (e.g., €500,000) may require splitting across financial years or involving multiple family members

Step 5: Make the Investment

Transfer the funds into the chosen investment option.

Step 6: Submit Application

Applications are filed with Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF), Portugal’s immigration authority.

Step 7: Biometrics Appointment

You’ll need to visit Portugal for fingerprinting and photo capture.

Step 8: Receive Residency Permit

Processing typically takes 3–6 months after biometrics.

Timeline for Indian Applicants

1. Document Preparation & Apostille: 1–2 months

2. Investment Transfer & Bank Setup: 1 month

3. Application Submission & Processing: 3–6 months

4. Total Average Time: 6–10 months

Tax Implications

1. Golden Visa ≠ Automatic Tax Residency – You become a Portuguese tax resident only if you stay >183 days/year.

2. NHR Regime – Strategic for Indians with global income streams.

3. DTAA Between India and Portugal – Prevents double taxation.

Example:
An Indian consultant earning globally may pay only 20% on Portuguese income while keeping Indian income tax-exempt for up to 10 years under NHR.

Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them

1. Incomplete Source-of-Funds Documentation – Provide a clear, auditable trail.

2. Delays in Apostille Process – Start early to avoid missing deadlines.

3. Underestimating LRS Limitations – Plan remittances strategically.

4. Choosing Wrong Investment Route – Align with long-term goals, not just lowest threshold.

Portugal vs. Other EU Golden Visas

Portugal remains the fastest path to EU citizenship with relatively low stay requirements.

The Future of Portugal’s Golden Visa

While political debate continues, current signals suggest the program will remain open but increasingly focused on:

1. Innovation and R&D

2. Cultural preservation

3. Job creation

Final Thoughts

For Indian nationals, the Portugal Golden Visa in 2025 is a balanced combination of:

1. Residency flexibility

2. Family inclusion

3. Tax planning opportunities

4. Citizenship within five years

With the right planning—especially around India’s LRS rules and document apostille requirements—Indian families can successfully secure European residency and unlock global mobility.

Also Read: How to Get Your Dog License Online in Delhi: Step-by-Step Guide to Pet Registration

Background: Why the Supreme Court Stepped In

The Supreme Court took suo motu cognizance of the issue after a news report on rising rabies deaths in Delhi-NCR caught national attention. Over the years, stray dog attacks have resulted in serious injuries and even fatalities, particularly among children and the elderly.

Official data paints a grim picture:

1. Between January and June this year, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) recorded 49 rabies cases.

2. During the same period, there were 35,198 animal bite incidents in the capital alone.

3. India accounts for 36% of global rabies deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

The Court’s intervention comes against this backdrop of escalating public safety hazards and inadequate control measures by municipal bodies.

Also Read: A Complete Guide to Pet Laws for Dog Owners in India

The Supreme Court’s Key Directions

The Court’s order is clear, strict, and time-bound. Here are the main points:

1. Immediate Removal of Stray Dogs from Residential Areas

1. All stray dogs in Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad, and Gurugram are to be rounded up without exception.

2. The directive applies to both sterilised and unsterilised dogs.

2. Creation of Dedicated Shelters

1. Civic bodies must build dog shelters that are safe, secure, and properly maintained.

2. CCTV surveillance must be installed to prevent escapes.

3. No dog is to be released back into residential areas.

3. Ban on Stray Dog Adoption (for now)

1. No private citizen or NGO can adopt a stray dog during the relocation phase.

2. The Court expressed concern that dogs taken for adoption might be abandoned again.

4. Professional Handling and Veterinary Care

1. Shelters must have trained dog handlers, veterinarians, and vaccination facilities.

2. Sterilisation and rabies immunisation should be carried out systematically.

5. Strict Action Against Obstruction

• Any person or organisation obstructing the relocation process will face contempt of court proceedings.

6. Rabies Vaccine Availability and Transparency

• The Delhi government must publish monthly data on:

  1. Rabies vaccine stock

  2. Locations where vaccines are available

  3. Number of people treated

7. Public Reporting Mechanism

• Authorities must start a helpline for reporting dog bite cases.

Legal Foundation of the Order

The Supreme Court’s decision draws from several legal provisions:

1. Article 21 of the Constitution of India – Right to life includes the right to live in a safe and secure environment.

2. Municipal Laws – Local bodies have a statutory duty to ensure public health and safety.

3. Precedents in Animal Control – Earlier judgments have allowed municipal corporations to carry out sterilisation and relocation for public safety.

While the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 and Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001 focus on humane treatment, the Court emphasised that public safety must take precedence in emergency situations.

Public Health Crisis: The Rabies Threat

Rabies is one of the deadliest viral diseases known to humans. It is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. In India:

1. 60,000+ people die globally every year due to rabies.

2. Over 20,000 of these deaths occur in India alone.

3. 90% of human rabies cases in India are caused by dog bites.

The Court noted that rabies prevention through vaccination is non-negotiable. Vaccination drives for both dogs and humans must be conducted in parallel with relocation.

Civic Authorities’ Responsibilities

The order places direct responsibility on local bodies like:

1. Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)

2. New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)

3. Noida Authority

4. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation

5. Gurugram Municipal Corporation

These bodies must:

1. Identify high-risk areas first.

2. Mobilise dog-catching teams.

3. Coordinate with shelter builders and veterinary service providers.

4. Keep the Court updated on progress and challenges.

Challenges in Implementation

While the order is strong, it is not without challenges:

1. Infrastructure Gaps

• Delhi-NCR does not currently have enough fully equipped dog shelters to house thousands of strays.

2. Staffing and Training

• Handling large numbers of dogs requires trained handlers and veterinarians.

3. Funding

• Building shelters, maintaining them, and running vaccination drives require significant budget allocations.

4. Opposition from Animal Rights Groups

1. Some NGOs may challenge the order, citing animal welfare laws.

2. The Court has already stated that it will not entertain such petitions for now.

5. Public Awareness

• Citizens must be informed about why dogs are being relocated to avoid misinformation.

Animal Welfare Perspective

While the order prioritises human safety, it also ensures basic welfare standards for the dogs:

1. Proper shelter space

2. Nutritious food

3. Medical care

4. Sterilisation and vaccination

The Court has stressed that humane treatment must be maintained throughout the process.

Impact on Delhi-NCR Residents

The order’s immediate effect will likely be a noticeable reduction in stray dog presence in public spaces, especially in:

1. Residential colonies

2. School zones

3. Markets and parks

Residents can expect:

1. Fewer dog bite incidents

2. Reduced rabies risk

3. Greater sense of safety for children and elderly citizens

Long-Term Policy Implications

This case could set a precedent for other Indian cities struggling with stray dog overpopulation. Possible future policy changes include:

1. Nationwide shelter-based dog management

2. Mandatory dog registration and tagging

3. Regular vaccination reporting

4. Integration of animal control into urban planning

Possible Timeline for Execution

While the Court has not specified an exact deadline, the tone of the order suggests immediate action is expected.
A realistic phased plan could be:

1. Weeks 1–2:

   1. Identify vulnerable areas.

   2. Deploy dog-catching teams.

   3. Begin shelter construction in parallel.

2. Weeks 3–8:

   1. Relocate majority of dogs.

   2. Start sterilisation and vaccination inside shelters.

3. Months 3–6:

   1. Monitor shelter conditions.

   2. Publish public health impact reports.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s order to shift all stray dogs in Delhi-NCR to shelters marks a historic moment in India’s public safety and animal management policies. While the move addresses urgent public health concerns like rabies and dog attacks, it also challenges civic authorities to create sustainable, humane solutions for urban animal populations.

This is not merely a law-and-order step; it’s a public health intervention that, if executed well, could save lives, reduce fear, and set a benchmark for urban governance across India.

Also Read: Supreme Court to Decide: Will Law Degrees in India Become Shorter and More Affordable?

Background: Why the Bar Council Issued the Warning

The BCD’s notice comes amid a growing trend of "self-styled legal influencers"—lawyers actively promoting their services through Instagram reels, YouTube videos, LinkedIn posts, and even TikTok-style short clips.

The Official Concern

The council noted that many advocates were creating videos, posting photos, giving interviews, and circulating promotional materials to attract clients. This includes:

1. Announcing case victories with client details.

2. Offering “free legal advice” as a teaser for paid services.

3. Posting photos from court premises to imply expertise.

According to BCD Chairman Surya Prakash Khatri, this not only breaches professional ethics but also risks misleading the public, especially when shared by those without proper credentials.

Also Read: How to Become a Lawyer in India: A Comprehensive Guide

The Legal Framework Behind the Ban

The warning is backed by existing laws and professional conduct rules.

Advocates Act, 1961

• Section 49(1)(c) empowers the Bar Council of India (BCI) to set rules on professional conduct and etiquette.

Rule 36 of the BCI Rules

This is the main clause prohibiting advertisements by lawyers. It states:

“An advocate shall not solicit work or advertise, either directly or indirectly, whether by circulars, advertisements, touts, personal communications, interviews not warranted by personal relations, or by furnishing or inspiring newspaper comments or producing photographs to be published in connection with cases in which he has been engaged or concerned.”

Section 35 of the Advocates Act

1. If a lawyer violates these rules, it is treated as professional misconduct.

2. Punishments include reprimand, suspension, or removal from the roll of advocates.

Also Read: Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Eligibility: A Complete Guide

Why This Rule Exists: The Ethical Perspective

Historically, the legal profession in India is regarded as a noble calling, not a trade.

1. The primary aim is to serve justice, not sell services.

2. Advertising is seen as cheapening the profession and creating a marketplace approach to legal services.

The concern is that aggressive advertising can:

1. Mislead vulnerable clients.

2. Promote lawyers based on marketing skills rather than competence.

3. Trigger unhealthy competition that erodes professional dignity.

The Social Media Grey Area

While the law is clear about direct advertising, the digital era complicates enforcement.

What Counts as Advertising Today?

1. Posting case results with names or details = Advertising.

2. Sharing contact info with “DM for legal help” = Advertising.

3. Educational video on “How to file for divorce” without client solicitation = Usually allowed.

The Blurred Line

A lawyer may claim to “educate” the public, but if the content repeatedly directs viewers to hire their services, it crosses into prohibited territory.

Also Read: Top Ten Criminal Lawyers In India

BCD’s Warning: The Key Takeaways

The August 4, 2025 notice specifically states:

1. Remove any promotional social media content immediately.

2. Failure to comply will trigger disciplinary action under Section 35.

3. Suspension or cancellation of license is possible for repeat offenders.

Past Incidents That Shaped This Decision

Case 1: Promotional Video with Celebrity Endorsement

1. A high-profile law firm created a video featuring a Bollywood actor endorsing their services.

2. The BCI deemed it a direct violation of Rule 36.

Case 2: Filming Inside Court Premises

1. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association (SCAORA) complained about lawyers making video reels inside high-security court areas.

2. This was viewed as a serious breach of decorum and security.

Global Perspective: How Other Countries Handle Legal Advertising

United States

1. Lawyer advertising is allowed but must be truthful.

2. Landmark case: Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977) allowed lawyer ads as protected commercial speech.

United Kingdom

• Regulated advertising is permitted under Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) rules.

Australia & Singapore

• Lawyers can advertise but must avoid misleading claims and breach of confidentiality.

India’s approach remains one of the strictest in the world.

Impact on Young Lawyers

The Challenge

1. Young lawyers without a strong network rely on digital platforms to reach clients.

2. Without advertising, building a client base may take years.

The Disadvantage Gap

1. Big firms have brand recognition, media mentions, and networking power.

2. Solo practitioners are left with fewer ethical avenues to promote themselves.

What Lawyers Can Still Do (Permitted Activities)

The 2008 BCI Notification allows lawyers to have websites with:

1. Name and contact details.

2. Qualifications and experience.

3. Areas of practice.

4. Bar enrollment information.

Safe digital activities include:

1. Writing blogs or articles.

2. Speaking at webinars without direct solicitation.

3. Publishing legal updates without inviting paid work.

Penalties for Violations

If a lawyer ignores the warning:

• First Offense: Notice from BCD, removal of content.

• Repeat Offense: Suspension of license.

• Serious Breach: Permanent removal from Bar rolls.

Recommendations for Reform

Experts suggest India should consider:

1. Clearer guidelines separating education from solicitation.

2. Platform-specific rules for LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram, etc.

3. Transparency norms—allow ads if they are fact-based and carry disclaimers.

How Lawyers Can Ethically Use Social Media

Here are 5 tips for staying compliant:

1. Focus on education – Share legal knowledge without pushing your services.

2. Avoid superlatives – Don’t claim to be “India’s No.1 divorce lawyer.”

3. Respect confidentiality – Never share client details without consent.

4. No direct solicitation – Avoid “Call me today for a free consultation.”

5. Stay factual – Back your posts with legal references.

The Future of Lawyer Advertising in India

As more clients search for lawyers online, pressure to modernize rules will grow.

1. The challenge: Balance professional ethics with digital visibility.

2. Possible solution: Limited regulated advertising, focusing on transparency.

Conclusion: Walking the Fine Line

The Bar Council of Delhi’s warning is not just about social media—it’s about preserving the dignity of the legal profession while adapting to a new digital reality.

For now, Indian lawyers must be extremely careful with their online presence. Educational content is welcome, self-promotion is not—and the difference is often judged by intention and presentation.

The debate on whether these rules should evolve will continue. Until then, every lawyer active on social media must remember: One wrong post could cost you your license.

Also Read: Know All About The Service Agreement

What is a Breach of Contract?

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. Under Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract is defined as “an agreement enforceable by law.” It generally includes essential elements such as:

1. Offer and acceptance

2. Lawful consideration

3. Capacity of parties

4. Free consent

5. Lawful object

A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill the promises made in the contract without lawful excuse. The failure could be:

1. Total non-performance

2. Delay in performance

3. Defective performance

Example: If A agrees to sell 100 chairs to B by August 1st, but fails to deliver, A has breached the contract.

In such cases, the aggrieved party is entitled to remedies such as compensation, specific performance, or rescission.

Also Read: How Well-Drafted Contracts Help Avoid Costly Legal Penalties and Disputes for Businesses

What is a Breach of Trust?

A trust is a fiduciary relationship in which one person (the trustee) holds property, funds, or confidential information for the benefit of another (the beneficiary). It is governed by honesty, loyalty, and good faith.

A breach of trust occurs when the trustee:

1. Uses the entrusted asset for personal benefit

2. Acts contrary to the trust deed

3. Fails to act in the best interest of the beneficiary

Example: If an employee is given ₹5 lakh for business purchases and uses the money to pay off a personal loan, it constitutes a breach of trust.

This breach is not merely a civil issue — it may attract criminal liability under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.

Also Read: All You Need to Know About Online Contracts in 2025

Legal Framework for Breach of Trust in India

Civil Law:

• Under Indian trust laws and equitable principles, the court may order:

  1. Restitution of misused property

  2. Compensation to the beneficiary

  3. Removal of the trustee

Criminal Law:

1. Criminal breach of trust is covered under:

   1. Section 316 to 320 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 (earlier IPC Sections 405 to 409)

2. To constitute a criminal breach of trust, there must be:

   1. Entrustment of property

   2. Dishonest conversion or misuse by the accused

Punishment can include imprisonment (up to 3 or more years) and/or fine, depending on the severity and the nature of the relationship (e.g., employee, agent, public servant).

Also Read: Understanding Breach of Contract: Types, Consequences, and Legal Remedies

Key Differences Between Breach of Contract and Breach of Trust

Although both involve a failure to uphold obligations, their underlying nature, legal remedy, and seriousness vary significantly.

Nature of Relationship

• Breach of Contract: Arises out of a mutual agreement between two or more parties.

• Breach of Trust: Based on a fiduciary relationship where one party is morally and legally bound to act for the benefit of the other.

Type of Duty

• Contract: Duties are defined strictly by the contract — deliver a product, provide a service, or make a payment.

• Trust: The duty is moral and fiduciary — to act in good faith, protect the beneficiary’s interest, and avoid personal gains.

Requirement of Dishonesty

• Breach of Contract: Dishonest intention is not necessary. Even an innocent failure or delay may amount to breach.

• Breach of Trust: Dishonest or fraudulent intention is a key element, especially for criminal liability.

Legal Classification

• Breach of Contract: Always a civil matter.

• Breach of Trust: Can be both civil and criminal, depending on intent and severity.

Legal Provisions

• Contract: Governed by the Indian Contract Act, 1872.

• Trust: Civil provisions are governed by the Indian Trusts Act, 1882; criminal breach of trust is governed by BNS, 2023.

Proof and Burden of Proof

• Contract: Plaintiff must prove:

  1. Existence of a valid contract

  2. Terms and breach

  3. Resulting damages

• Trust: Prosecution must prove:

  1. Entrustment of property

  2. Dishonest misappropriation or misuse

Remedies

Also Read: What Legal Options An Employer Have Against An Employee Who Violated The Notice Period In India

Intent

• Contract: Intent is not mandatory; liability can arise from negligence or oversight.

• Trust: Criminal liability demands dishonest or fraudulent intent.

Scope

• Contract: Wide-ranging — personal, professional, or commercial dealings.

• Trust: Narrow — only where one party is entrusted to act for another’s benefit.

Examples

Breach of Contract:

1. A real estate developer fails to deliver a flat on time.

2. A business fails to pay for goods delivered by a supplier.

Breach of Trust:

1. A lawyer siphons off a client’s funds held in escrow.

2. A treasurer of a charity uses funds for personal luxury.

Illustrative Comparison Table

Also Read: Legal Remedies for Termination of Contracts

Conclusion

In conclusion, breach of contract and breach of trust are two distinct legal concepts rooted in different types of obligations. While breach of contract is a civil wrong based on non-fulfillment of contractual terms, breach of trust involves a deeper ethical and legal failure, often with criminal implications if done dishonestly.

Understanding the nature of these two legal wrongs helps both individuals and businesses protect themselves. Whether you're entering into a contract or entrusting someone with your property or information, it's essential to know the potential legal consequences of a violation.

Being aware of your legal rights and the correct remedies can make all the difference in resolving disputes quickly and justly.

Final Thoughts

When you face a situation where another party has failed in their obligations, identifying whether it is a breach of contract or a breach of trust is crucial. It determines not only the nature of the legal remedy but also the forum where you should file your case — civil or criminal court.

If you're unsure, always consult a legal expert or seek online legal advice from trusted platforms like LegalKart to assess your case and chart the most effective course of action.

Also Read: How to Become a Lawyer in India: A Comprehensive Guide

What Triggered This PIL?

The PIL was filed in the Supreme Court by Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay, a practicing lawyer and public interest advocate known for filing socially relevant cases. In his petition titled “Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay v. Union of India & Ors”, he raised several pressing concerns:

1. The five-year integrated LL.B programme is excessively long and financially burdensome.

2. The two-year LL.M programme adds further delay and cost for students.

3. The current system does not align with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which recommends a four-year multidisciplinary undergraduate programme.

4. Legal education lacks a dedicated regulatory commission, unlike medicine or engineering.

5. Many private colleges and even National Law Universities (NLUs) charge exorbitant fees, making legal education inaccessible for students from economically weaker backgrounds.

Also Read: Supreme Court Mandates Three Years of Legal Practice for Judicial Service Eligibility: A Complete Guide

Supreme Court’s Response: Who Has Been Notified?

On July 2025, a bench comprising Justice Surya Kant and Justice Joymalya Bagchi issued notices to:

1. Central Government

2. Bar Council of India (BCI)

3. University Grants Commission (UGC)

4. Law Commission of India

All these bodies have been asked to file their responses before the next hearing on September 9, 2025. The matter now lies before the highest constitutional court in the country.

Also Read: Top Ten Criminal Lawyers In India

Key Demands in the PIL

Here’s a simplified breakdown of what the PIL demands:

Formation of a Legal Education Commission

1. A regulatory body consisting of jurists, retired judges, senior advocates, and legal scholars.

2. Purpose: To study and recommend reforms to the structure, duration, pedagogy, and accessibility of law degrees.

Shortening of the Law Degree Duration

1. Revise the five-year LL.B and two-year LL.M courses to align with NEP 2020 standards.

2. Possibility of a four-year integrated LL.B, or three-year undergraduate + one-year LL.B. model.

Affordability and Access

1. Make legal education more affordable by regulating fee structures, especially in private institutions.

2. Provide scholarships and education loans with lower interest rates for law students.

Early Entry into Legal Practice

1. Encourage early entry into the profession by reducing academic delays.

2. Cites examples of legends like:

   1. Ram Jethmalani, who began practice at 17

   2. Fali Nariman, who earned his law degree by age 21

Dedicated Regulatory Authority

• Proposes a Law Education Commission similar to:

  1. National Medical Commission (NMC) for medical education

  2. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for engineering and technology

Legal Education in India: Current System

Five-Year Integrated LL.B

1. Introduced in 1987 through the National Law School of India University Act.

2. Combines a Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.Com, B.Sc) with LL.B.

3. Popular among students post-12th grade.

Three-Year LL.B

1. For students who already hold an undergraduate degree.

2. Still offered by many public and private universities.

Two-Year LL.M

1. Postgraduate legal education.

2. Focuses on research and specialization (e.g., corporate law, criminal law, constitutional law).

Fee Structures

1. NLUs charge between ₹2 lakh to ₹3.5 lakh per year.

2. Private colleges may charge even more.

3. Law education can easily cost over ₹10–15 lakhs, making it unaffordable for many.

Why Advocate Ashwini Upadhyay Thinks It’s a Problem

1. High Costs = Limited Access

1. Students from low-income families often cannot afford law school.

2. Many give up the dream due to tuition fees, hostel expenses, and exam costs.

2. Lengthy Education = Delayed Career Start

• A five-year law degree followed by two years of LL.M can delay earning opportunities until age 25 or later.

3. Mismatch with NEP 2020

1. NEP encourages flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, and early employability.

2. Law education, the PIL argues, hasn’t kept up with these reforms.

4. Regulatory Gaps

1. No single authority governs legal education.

2. BCI focuses on professional licensing, while UGC governs university curriculum.

3. Result: No unified policy, overlapping jurisdictions, and inconsistent quality standards.

What Does the National Education Policy 2020 Say?

The NEP 2020, launched by the Ministry of Education, recommends:

1. Four-year undergraduate degrees

2. Multidisciplinary curricula

3. Multiple exit options

4. Entry-level employment readiness

The PIL argues that law education has failed to adapt to these recommendations. By retaining rigid formats, it continues to be inaccessible and outdated.

Legal Giants Who Benefited from Early Start

The petition makes a compelling emotional and historical argument by pointing out how great Indian jurists started early in life:

These examples highlight that longer degrees are not necessarily better, and early engagement with the legal field can lead to outstanding contributions.

Arguments Against the Current Legal Education Structure

The PIL raises several systemic problems:

• Commercialisation of legal education, especially by private colleges

• Inadequate infrastructure and faculty in many law schools

• Outdated curriculum, not aligned with modern legal needs like tech law, AI, IP, and cybercrime

• Rigid examination systems, which don’t assess practical legal skills

• Insufficient internship opportunities, particularly in tier-2 and tier-3 cities

What Could Change If the PIL Succeeds?

If the Supreme Court agrees with the PIL and asks for restructuring, several positive outcomes may follow:

1. Shorter, Flexible Law Degrees

1. Introduce four-year LL.B aligned with NEP.

2. Allow credit transfers, lateral entries, and exit points.

2. Affordable Education

1. Cap tuition fees at public institutions.

2. Scholarships and education loans for students from marginalised communities.

3. Skill-Oriented Learning

1. Emphasis on clinical legal education, moot courts, legal aid work.

2. Integration of legal tech, ethics, and policy making in the curriculum.

4. Unified Regulation

• Set up a Law Education Commission to:

  1. Design curriculum standards

  2. Accredit law schools

  3. Conduct national legal education audits

5. Early Professional Start

1. Reduce unnecessary academic delays.

2. Let students join litigation or corporate law earlier.

Concerns from the Legal Education Community

While reform sounds promising, several experts have expressed caution:

1. Risk of Diluting Quality

• Shorter degrees may compromise on legal depth and rigor.

2. Regulatory Overlap

• Adding another regulator could increase bureaucracy, unless powers are clearly defined.

3. One Size Doesn’t Fit All

• India’s legal education needs regional flexibility, not just top-down reforms.

4. Implementation Delays

• Even if reforms are approved, rollout across 1500+ law colleges may take years.

What Do Law Students Think?

Many law students have welcomed the PIL, especially those from rural or middle-class backgrounds. Here’s what some of them had to say:

1. “If fees are regulated and law degrees made shorter, I can start supporting my family sooner.”

2. “We want practice-based learning, not just theory-heavy semesters.”

3. “Why is legal education so expensive when the aim is to uphold justice and equality?”

These voices are a powerful reminder of why education reforms should be people-centric.

International Comparison: How Long Is Law School Elsewhere?

The petition uses these comparisons to argue that India’s structure is needlessly long and expensive.

What Happens on September 9, 2025?

On this date, the Supreme Court will review responses from the Centre, BCI, UGC, and others. The judges will consider:

1. Whether the current model violates the Right to Equality and Right to Education

2. Whether there's a need for a Law Education Commission

3. Whether legal education should align with NEP 2020

The judgment could become a turning point for legal education in India.

Conclusion: Legal Reform or Missed Opportunity?

This PIL presents a historic opportunity to democratise legal education. By reducing course duration, regulating fees, and improving quality, the legal profession could become more inclusive, future-ready, and socially impactful.

Whether the Supreme Court pushes for a Legal Education Commission or recommends changes through existing bodies, one thing is clear — legal education in India cannot remain frozen in time.

It must evolve with the needs of the society it serves.

Also Read: Pay Traffic Challan Online Step-by-Step Guide Legalkart

How to Download the Traffic Prahari App

The app is available on both major mobile platforms:

1. Android Users: Google Play Store

2. iOS Users: Apple App Store

Search for “Traffic Prahari - Delhi Police” and install the app on your device.

How to Register and Create Your Account

After downloading, follow these steps:

1. Open the App: Launch it from your phone.

2. Sign Up with Mobile Number: Enter your mobile number.

3. OTP Verification: A One-Time Password (OTP) will be sent to your number. Enter it to verify.

4. Create a Profile: Add your name, email ID, and other optional details.

Note: You only need a working mobile number and internet connection to register.

Also Read: How To Check Delhi E-Challan Status & Make Payment Online

Types of Traffic Violations You Can Report

The app allows users to report a wide variety of violations, such as:

Important: The image or video must clearly show the violation along with the vehicle number to be considered valid.

Also Read: Easy Traffic Challan Payment Guide - Legalkart

Step-by-Step Guide to Reporting Violations

Follow these simple steps:

Step 1: Spot the Violation

Look for any of the listed traffic violations.

Step 2: Capture Photo or Video

Use your smartphone to record the incident. Make sure the following are visible:

1. The vehicle number

2. The nature of the violation

3. The surroundings for context

Step 3: Submit via App

Open the Traffic Prahari App and:

1. Tap “Report Violation”

2. Upload the photo/video

3. The GPS location and timestamp will be auto-tagged

4. Submit the report

Once submitted, the report is sent to the Delhi Traffic Police for manual verification.

Also Read: Step-by-Step Guide: Applying for HSRP via SIAM's Online Portal

What Happens After Submission?

Once your report is submitted, the Traffic Enforcement Team does the following:

1. Verifies the Violation for clarity, authenticity, and relevance

2. If the report is valid, a challan is issued to the offender

3. Your contribution is added to your profile score

4. At the end of the month, the top contributors are rewarded based on the number of verified reports

Reminder: Submitting false or misleading reports can result in disqualification from the program.

Also Read: FTA HSRP: Complete Guide to Online Registration, Process, Fees, and Status

Monthly Reward Structure: Earn Up to ₹50,000!

To encourage participation, the Delhi Police offers monetary rewards every month:

1. The winners are selected based on the number of valid reports submitted.

2. Only verified violations are counted.

3. Reports that result in challans carry higher weight.

Tip: Consistent reporting, image clarity, and covering different violation types improve your chances of winning.

Also Read: How to Get an NOC and Transfer Your Vehicle Across Indian States: A Step-by-Step Guide (2025)

Why It’s Not Just About Money

The Traffic Prahari App is not merely a reward-based program—it’s a community movement.

Road Safety Advocacy

Every report you submit contributes to:

1. Reducing road accidents

2. Preventing injuries and deaths

3. Enforcing traffic discipline

Community Collaboration

In several Delhi neighborhoods:

1. Citizens have formed WhatsApp groups to divide zones

2. Teams coordinate to cover larger areas efficiently

This has led to a grassroots-level network of law-abiding citizens working together.

Civic Responsibility

This initiative promotes active citizenship and helps create a culture of accountability.

As DCP (Traffic) SK Singh mentioned, the app adds a crucial community-driven layer to road safety enforcement.

Also Read: E-Traffic Challans and the New Motor Vehicles Act 2019

Legal Safeguards & Privacy Protection

You may wonder, “Is it safe to report others?” Yes, the app ensures:

• Your identity is confidential and not shared with violators

• Only verified reports are processed

• False reporting can lead to suspension from the app or legal consequences

The app aligns with the Motor Vehicles Act, Delhi Traffic Police guidelines, and cyber law safeguards.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

To ensure your reports are valid and accepted:

Future of Community-Driven Traffic Enforcement

The Traffic Prahari App is not just a Delhi initiative—it is a model for other cities to replicate. With increasing urban traffic and limited manpower, community-based surveillance could become the future of traffic enforcement across India.

Other cities like Bengaluru, Mumbai, and Hyderabad are already studying similar models for implementation.

Final Thoughts: Be a Prahari, Be a Change-Maker

The Traffic Prahari App is more than just a way to earn money. It’s your opportunity to make Delhi safer, more disciplined, and more liveable. With just a smartphone and a little vigilance, you can:

• Hold traffic violators accountable

• Reduce accidents

• Be rewarded for your contribution

• Inspire others to follow the rules