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Introduction

Marriage is considered a sacred institution in India, governed by various legal provisions. However, not all marriages are legally valid. Some marriages are declared void under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA). When a marriage is declared void, the question arises whether the spouse is entitled to maintenance and alimony. The recent Supreme Court judgment in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur (2025) has brought significant clarity to this issue, emphasizing that referring to a woman in a void marriage as an “illegitimate wife” or a “faithful mistress” is a violation of her fundamental rights under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

Understanding Void Marriages under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

A void marriage is one that is considered null and void from the beginning. Under Section 11 of the HMA, the following marriages are void:

1. Bigamous Marriages – If one or both parties to the marriage already have a spouse living at the time of marriage.

2. Marriages within Prohibited Degrees of Relationship – If the parties are within the degrees of prohibited relationship unless permitted by custom or usage.

3. Marriages between Sapindas – If the parties are sapindas of each other unless allowed by custom or tradition.

In such cases, the marriage does not have any legal standing. However, issues related to maintenance and alimony still arise, which is where Sections 24 and 25 of the HMA come into play.

Permanent Alimony and Maintenance under Section 25 of HMA

Section 25 of the HMA allows courts to grant permanent alimony and maintenance even in cases of void marriages. The key aspects of this provision include:

1. A spouse of a void marriage is entitled to seek permanent maintenance.

2. The grant of maintenance is discretionary and depends on the facts of each case.

3. The conduct of the parties plays a crucial role in determining maintenance.

4. The remedy under Section 25 is distinct from the remedy under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), which is meant for legally wedded wives.

Interim Maintenance under Section 24 of HMA

Section 24 of the HMA allows for interim (pendente lite) maintenance. The Supreme Court in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur held that:

1. A spouse can seek maintenance while the proceedings for declaring the marriage void are pending.

2. The court must determine whether the spouse seeking maintenance has sufficient independent income.

3. The court can grant maintenance despite the marriage being void, as long as the conditions under Section 24 are met.

4. The conduct of the spouse seeking relief is considered before granting interim maintenance.

The Supreme Court’s Judgment in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur (2025)

The Supreme Court in this case dealt with two key issues:

1. Whether a spouse in a void marriage can claim permanent maintenance under Section 25 of HMA?

   • The Court ruled in favor, holding that the right to maintenance does not depend on the morality of the bigamous marriage.

2. Whether a spouse in a void marriage can claim interim maintenance under Section 24 of HMA?

   • The Court ruled that interim maintenance can be granted if the spouse does not have independent income and the petition for declaring the marriage void is pending.

The Court also emphasized the importance of treating spouses in void marriages with dignity and rejected derogatory terms such as “illegitimate wife” or “faithful mistress.”

Distinction Between Section 25 of HMA and Section 125 of CrPC

The judgment also clarified the differences between maintenance under Section 25 of HMA and Section 125 of CrPC:

• Section 25 of HMA

  1. Applies to both husband and wife.

  2. Can be claimed by a spouse in a void marriage.

  3. Relief is discretionary.

• Section 125 of CrPC

  1. Provides a quick and summary remedy.

  2. Does not apply to a spouse in a void marriage.

  3. Relief is limited to legally wedded wives.

Earlier Precedents and Their Interpretation in This Case

1. Yamunabai Anantrao Adhav v. Anantrao Shivram Adhav (1988)

   1. The Court previously held that a spouse in a void marriage cannot claim maintenance under Section 125 of CrPC.

   2. However, in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur, the Court distinguished between the remedies under Section 125 CrPC and Section 25 of HMA.

2. Bhausaheb @ Sandhu s/o Raghuji Magar v. Leelabai w/o Bhausaheb Magar (2004)

   1. The Bombay High Court referred to a wife in a void marriage as an “illegitimate wife” or “faithful mistress.”

   2. The Supreme Court in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur condemned such terminology and held that it violated the fundamental rights of women under Article 21.

Legal Rights of Spouses in Void Marriages

The ruling reaffirms that:

1. A spouse in a void marriage is entitled to claim maintenance.

2. Courts have discretion in granting alimony and maintenance.

3. The dignity and rights of a spouse in a void marriage must be upheld.

4. Maintenance can be granted even if the marriage is null and void under Section 11 of HMA.

Conclusion

The judgment in Sukhdev Singh v. Sukhbir Kaur is a landmark ruling that strengthens the rights of spouses in void marriages. It ensures that they are not left without financial support and that their dignity is protected. By allowing maintenance under Sections 24 and 25 of HMA, the Supreme Court has provided crucial legal safeguards for individuals trapped in void marriages. The decision underscores the importance of treating such spouses with dignity and respect, upholding their fundamental rights under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

In the complex world of family law, marriage is a legally binding contract between two individuals. However, not all marriages are valid under the law. Some marriages may be declared void or voidable based on specific legal grounds. In this detailed blog, we will discuss void marriages in India, their legal grounds, distinctions from voidable marriages, and the implications for the parties involved. We will also touch on key distinctions in other jurisdictions, like Texas, to provide a comparative perspective.

What are Void Marriages?

A void marriage is one that is deemed null and void from the beginning, meaning that it never existed in the eyes of the law. Unlike voidable marriages, where legal action is needed to annul the marriage, void marriages are automatically considered invalid without any need for a formal declaration. However, in practice, individuals may still seek a court decree to officially declare the marriage void for legal clarity.

Key Distinctions Between Void and Voidable Marriages

1. Void Marriages: A void marriage is automatically invalid from the outset due to legal violations such as bigamy, prohibited degrees of relationship, or lack of mental capacity. It doesn’t require annulment; however, a legal declaration may still be sought for clarity.

2. Voidable Marriages: Unlike void marriages, a voidable marriage is considered valid until one of the parties challenges it in court. Grounds for a voidable marriage often include fraud, coercion, impotency, or lack of consent.

Key Differences:

• A void marriage never existed in the eyes of the law, while a voidable marriage exists until legally annulled.

• Void marriages violate legal conditions from the beginning, while voidable marriages can be contested based on personal circumstances (e.g., fraud or coercion).

Common Reasons for Void Marriages

Several factors can render a marriage void under Indian law:

1. Bigamy: If one of the spouses was already legally married at the time of the second marriage, the second marriage is void under Indian law. This is governed by Section 5(i) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and Section 4 of the Special Marriage Act, 1954.

2. Prohibited Degrees of Relationship: Marriages between individuals who are closely related (such as siblings or first cousins) are void unless customs or traditions permit them. This is regulated under Section 5(iv) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

3. Lack of Consent: If either party did not give free consent to the marriage due to mental incapacity or coercion, the marriage can be declared void.

4. Incapacity: Marriages involving minors (under 18 for females and under 21 for males) or individuals who are mentally incapable of understanding the nature of the marriage are void. This is outlined in Section 5(ii) and (iii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

Legal Implications of Void Marriages

A void marriage has significant legal implications for both parties involved, including the following:

1. No Legal Status: A void marriage has no legal standing, and thus, the couple is considered never to have been legally married.

2. No Requirement for Divorce: Since the marriage is invalid from the beginning, there is no need for divorce proceedings. However, individuals may still seek a court declaration to avoid confusion.

3. Impact on Property and Maintenance Rights: Generally, there are no legal rights to property or maintenance after a void marriage. However, under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), a woman may claim maintenance if she was unaware of the void nature of the marriage.

4. Legitimacy of Children: Children born out of a void marriage are considered legitimate under Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, meaning they can inherit from their parents, but not from extended family members.

Rights of the Parties Involved

Even though a void marriage has no legal standing, the parties involved may have certain rights, particularly if one party was unaware of the invalidity of the marriage:

• Right to Maintenance: If a woman was unaware of the void nature of the marriage (such as in cases of bigamy), she may still claim maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC.

• Legitimacy of Children: Children born out of a void marriage are considered legitimate and are entitled to inheritance from their parents.

• Protection of Putative Spouse: A putative spouse is a person who enters into a marriage in good faith, believing it to be valid. In some jurisdictions, such as Texas, the concept of a putative spouse exists to protect individuals from the financial and emotional consequences of a void marriage.

Consequences of a Void Marriage

A void marriage has several consequences:

1. No Legal Obligations: Since the marriage is considered invalid, neither party has legal obligations toward the other, such as spousal support or property division.

2. Emotional and Social Impact: Void marriages can have severe emotional and social consequences, particularly for women, as they may face stigma or rejection in conservative societies.

3. Custody and Legitimacy Issues: Although children born of void marriages are considered legitimate, custody battles may arise, and inheritance rights can be limited to the parents only.

Putative Spouse Rights

In some jurisdictions, such as Texas, there are legal protections for putative spouses—individuals who believe in good faith that their marriage is valid. The putative spouse doctrine allows such individuals to claim certain rights, including property division and maintenance, despite the marriage being declared void.

While Indian law does not specifically recognize the putative spouse doctrine, similar protections exist for women unaware of the void nature of their marriage under Section 125 of the CrPC.

Legal Frameworks in Texas Regarding Void Marriages

In Texas, void marriages are regulated under Section 6.202 of the Texas Family Code. The following conditions may render a marriage void:

• Bigamy: Like in India, if one of the parties was already married, the second marriage is void.

• Consanguinity: Marriages between close relatives (such as siblings or first cousins) are prohibited and automatically void.

• Age and Consent: If one of the parties was underage or incapable of giving consent due to mental incapacity, the marriage is void.

Definition of Void Marriages

A void marriage is automatically null and invalid from the beginning. It never has legal standing and does not require divorce or annulment to terminate.

Definition of Voidable Marriages

A voidable marriage, on the other hand, is valid until one of the parties legally challenges its validity. Grounds for voidable marriages include fraud, coercion, or inability to consummate the marriage.

Bigamy

Bigamy is the act of marrying someone while already being legally married to another person. In both India and Texas, bigamy is a common ground for declaring a marriage void. Under Section 5(i) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and Section 6.202 of the Texas Family Code, bigamy automatically renders the second marriage void.

Lack of Consent

A marriage can be void if one party was incapable of giving free consent due to mental illness, unsound mind, or coercion. This ground for void marriages exists in both Indian law under Section 5(ii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and in Texas law.

Incapacity (Underage, Mental Incompetence)

Marriages involving underage individuals or those suffering from mental incompetence are void under Indian law. Under Section 5(iii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, the legal age for marriage is 18 for women and 21 for men. In Texas, a similar rule applies, with marriage being void if one of the parties is under 18 without a court order.

Overview of Putative Spouse Status

The putative spouse doctrine exists to protect individuals who entered into a marriage in good faith, unaware of its invalidity. In Texas, this doctrine allows putative spouses to claim property and other rights, even if the marriage is void.

Legal Protections for Putative Spouses

In jurisdictions that recognize the putative spouse doctrine, the law protects individuals who were unaware of the invalidity of their marriage. They may claim rights to property and maintenance as if the marriage had been valid.

Relevant Statutes and Laws

In India, void marriages are governed by:

• Section 5 and 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

• Section 4 of the Special Marriage Act, 1954

• Section 125 of the CrPC (for maintenance claims)

In Texas, void marriages are governed by:

• Section 6.202 of the Texas Family Code

Procedural Steps for Declaring a Marriage Void

While void marriages are automatically invalid, individuals often seek legal clarity by petitioning the court to declare the marriage void. The procedural steps are as follows:

1. Filing a Petition: The party seeking to have the marriage declared void must file a petition in the relevant family court.

2. Hearing: The court will conduct a hearing to examine the grounds for the void marriage, such as bigamy, prohibited degrees of relationship, or lack of consent.

3. Court Decree: If the court finds the marriage to be void, it will issue a decree declaring the marriage null and void. This decree can serve as official documentation that the marriage was never valid.

Conclusion

Void marriages are legally non-existent from the outset and can arise due to factors such as bigamy, prohibited degrees of relationship, or incapacity. While the legal framework in India provides protections for parties involved in void marriages, other jurisdictions like Texas also recognize the rights of putative spouses. Understanding the legal grounds and implications of void marriages is crucial for individuals navigating this complex area of family law.